X-Git-Url: http://wien.tomnetworks.com/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=mcs%2Fclass%2FSystem.Core%2FSystem.Linq%2FEnumerable.cs;h=d2c98d0a1954f16a877a18c2c856d759747d2563;hb=cc2c56a916645e45991c43f86409966218a6a177;hp=7010fba59a9ac14ec5255d6586473cc94da11f0b;hpb=d3428efecd57b5c4e2e125bb42bf5415feebd4dd;p=mono.git

diff --git a/mcs/class/System.Core/System.Linq/Enumerable.cs b/mcs/class/System.Core/System.Linq/Enumerable.cs
index 7010fba59a9..d2c98d0a195 100644
--- a/mcs/class/System.Core/System.Linq/Enumerable.cs
+++ b/mcs/class/System.Core/System.Linq/Enumerable.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Enumerable.cs
+//
+// Authors:
+//  Marek Safar (marek.safar@gmail.com)
+//  Antonello Provenzano  <antonello@deveel.com>
+//  Alejandro Serrano "Serras" (trupill@yahoo.es)
+//  Jb Evain (jbevain@novell.com)
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2007 Novell, Inc (http://www.novell.com)
+//
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 // a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
 // "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
@@ -5,22 +16,20 @@
 // distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
 // permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
 // the following conditions:
-// 
+//
 // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 // included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-// 
+//
 // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 // EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 // MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 // NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
 // LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
 // OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 //
-// Authors:
-//        Marek Safar (marek.safar@gmail.com)
-//        Antonello Provenzano  <antonello@deveel.com>
-//        Alejandro Serrano "Serras" (trupill@yahoo.es)
-//
+
+// precious: http://www.hookedonlinq.com
 
 using System;
 using System.Collections;
@@ -31,17 +40,28 @@ namespace System.Linq
 {
 	public static class Enumerable
 	{
+		enum Fallback {
+			Default,
+			Throw
+		}
+
+		class PredicateOf<T> {
+			public static readonly Func<T, bool> Always = (t) => true;
+		}
+
+		class Function<T> {
+			public static readonly Func<T, T> Identity = (t) => t;
+		}
+
 		#region Aggregate
+
 		public static TSource Aggregate<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> func)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("source");
-			if (func == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("func");
+			Check.SourceAndFunc (source, func);
 
-			// custom foreach so that we can efficiently throw an exception 
+			// custom foreach so that we can efficiently throw an exception
 			// if zero elements and treat the first element differently
-			using (IEnumerator<TSource> enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ()) {
+			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ()) {
 				if (!enumerator.MoveNext ())
 					throw new InvalidOperationException ("No elements in source list");
 
@@ -52,406 +72,291 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			}
 		}
 
-
 		public static TAccumulate Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> func)
 		{
-			if (source == null || func == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndFunc (source, func);
 
 			TAccumulate folded = seed;
 			foreach (TSource element in source)
 				folded = func (folded, element);
+
 			return folded;
 		}
 
-
 		public static TResult Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> func, Func<TAccumulate, TResult> resultSelector)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("source");
-			if (func == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("func");
+			Check.SourceAndFunc (source, func);
 			if (resultSelector == null)
 				throw new ArgumentNullException ("resultSelector");
 
-			TAccumulate result = seed;
-			foreach (TSource e in source)
+			var result = seed;
+			foreach (var e in source)
 				result = func (result, e);
+
 			return resultSelector (result);
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region All
+
 		public static bool All<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
+			foreach (var element in source)
 				if (!predicate (element))
 					return false;
+
 			return true;
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Any
+
 		public static bool Any<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				return true;
-			return false;
-		}
+			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+			if (collection != null)
+				return collection.Count > 0;
 
+			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
+				return enumerator.MoveNext ();
+		}
 
 		public static bool Any<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
 			foreach (TSource element in source)
 				if (predicate (element))
 					return true;
+
 			return false;
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region AsEnumerable
+
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> AsEnumerable<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
 			return source;
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Average
+
 		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<int> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			long sum = 0;
-			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (int element in source) {
-				sum += element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return (double) sum / (double) counter;
+			return Average<int, long, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
 		}
 
+		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<long> source)
+		{
+			return Average<long, long, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
+		}
 
-		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<double> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			return Average<double, double, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
+		}
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long sum = 0;
-			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (int? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
+		public static float Average (this IEnumerable<float> source)
+		{
+			return Average<float, double, float> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
 		}
 
+		public static decimal Average (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
+		{
+			return Average<decimal, decimal, decimal> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
+		}
 
-		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<long> source)
+		static TResult Average<TElement, TAggregate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TElement> source,
+			Func<TAggregate, TElement, TAggregate> func, Func<TAggregate, long, TResult> result)
+			where TElement : struct
+			where TAggregate : struct
+			where TResult : struct
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			long sum = 0;
+			var total = default (TAggregate);
 			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (long element in source) {
-				sum += element;
-				counter++;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				total = func (total, element);
+				++counter;
 			}
 
 			if (counter == 0)
 				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return (double) sum / (double) counter;
-		}
 
+			return result (total, counter);
+		}
 
-		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
+		static TResult? AverageNullable<TElement, TAggregate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TElement?> source,
+			Func<TAggregate, TElement, TAggregate> func, Func<TAggregate, long, TResult> result)
+			where TElement : struct
+			where TAggregate : struct
+			where TResult : struct
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long sum = 0;
+			var total = default (TAggregate);
 			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (long? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
-		}
-
-
-		public static double Average (this IEnumerable<double> source)
-		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (!element.HasValue)
+					continue;
 
-			double sum = 0;
-			double counter = 0;
-			foreach (double element in source) {
-				sum += element;
+				total = func (total, element.Value);
 				counter++;
 			}
 
 			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return sum / counter;
-		}
+				return null;
 
+			return new TResult? (result (total, counter));
+		}
 
-		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
+		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			double sum = 0;
-			double counter = 0;
-			foreach (double? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) (sum / counter));
-		}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return source.AverageNullable<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
+		}
 
-		public static decimal Average (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
+		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			decimal sum = 0;
-			decimal counter = 0;
-			foreach (decimal element in source) {
-				sum += element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return sum / counter;
+			return source.AverageNullable<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / b);
 		}
 
+		public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return source.AverageNullable<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
+		}
 
 		public static decimal? Average (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			decimal sum = 0;
-			decimal counter = 0;
-			foreach (decimal? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (decimal?) (sum / counter));
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return source.AverageNullable<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
 		}
 
+		public static float? Average (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return source.AverageNullable<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
+		}
 
 		public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			long sum = 0;
-			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				sum += selector (item);
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return (double) sum / (double) counter;
+			return source.Select (selector).Average<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
 		}
 
-
 		public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long sum = 0;
-			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				int? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
+			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
 		}
 
-
 		public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			long sum = 0;
-			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				sum += selector (item);
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return (double) sum / (double) counter;
+			return source.Select (selector).Average<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
 		}
 
-
 		public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long sum = 0;
-			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				long? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
+			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
 		}
 
-
 		public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			double sum = 0;
-			double counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				sum += selector (item);
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return sum / counter;
+			return source.Select (selector).Average<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
 		}
 
-
 		public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			double sum = 0;
-			double counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				double? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) (sum / counter));
+			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
 		}
 
-
-		public static decimal Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+		public static float Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			decimal sum = 0;
-			decimal counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				sum += selector (item);
-				counter++;
-			}
+			return source.Select (selector).Average<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
+		}
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return sum / counter;
+		public static float? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
+
+			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
 		}
 
+		public static decimal Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
+
+			return source.Select (selector).Average<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
+		}
 
 		public static decimal? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			decimal sum = 0;
-			decimal counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				decimal? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					sum += element.Value;
-					counter++;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : (decimal?) (sum / counter));
+			return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Cast
+
 		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Cast<TResult> (this IEnumerable source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			foreach (object element in source)
-				yield return (TResult) element;
+			return CreateCastIterator<TResult> (source);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateCastIterator<TResult> (IEnumerable source)
+		{
+			foreach (TResult element in source)
+				yield return element;
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Concat
+
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Concat<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
 		{
-			if (first == null || second == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);
+
+			return CreateConcatIterator (first, second);
+		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateConcatIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+		{
 			foreach (TSource element in first)
 				yield return element;
 			foreach (TSource element in second)
@@ -464,59 +369,58 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static bool Contains<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value)
 		{
-			ICollection<TSource> collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
 			if (collection != null)
 				return collection.Contains (value);
 
 			return Contains<TSource> (source, value, null);
 		}
 
-
 		public static bool Contains<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource value, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("source");
+			Check.Source (source);
 
 			if (comparer == null)
 				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
 
-			foreach (TSource e in source) {
-				if (comparer.Equals (e, value))
+			foreach (var element in source)
+				if (comparer.Equals (element, value))
 					return true;
-			}
 
 			return false;
 		}
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Count
+
 		public static int Count<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			ICollection<TSource> collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
 			if (collection != null)
 				return collection.Count;
 
 			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				counter++;
+			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
+				while (enumerator.MoveNext ())
+					counter++;
+
 			return counter;
 		}
 
 		public static int Count<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
 			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
+			foreach (var element in source)
 				if (selector (element))
 					counter++;
 
 			return counter;
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region DefaultIfEmpty
@@ -528,16 +432,20 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> DefaultIfEmpty<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource defaultValue)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("source");
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return CreateDefaultIfEmptyIterator (source, defaultValue);
+		}
 
-			bool noYield = true;
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateDefaultIfEmptyIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, TSource defaultValue)
+		{
+			bool empty = true;
 			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				noYield = false;
+				empty = false;
 				yield return item;
 			}
 
-			if (noYield)
+			if (empty)
 				yield return defaultValue;
 		}
 
@@ -552,43 +460,56 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Distinct<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
 			if (comparer == null)
 				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
 
-			List<TSource> items = new List<TSource> (); // TODO: use a HashSet here
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (!Contains (items, element, comparer)) {
+			return CreateDistinctIterator (source, comparer);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateDistinctIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+		{
+			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (comparer);
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (! items.Contains (element)) {
 					items.Add (element);
 					yield return element;
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region ElementAt
 
+		static TSource ElementAt<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index, Fallback fallback)
+		{
+			long counter = 0L;
+
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (index == counter++)
+					return element;
+			}
+
+			if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
+				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
+
+			return default (TSource);
+		}
+
 		public static TSource ElementAt<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
+
 			if (index < 0)
 				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
 
-			IList<TSource> list = source as IList<TSource>;
+			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
 			if (list != null)
 				return list [index];
 
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (counter == index)
-					return element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
+			return source.ElementAt (index, Fallback.Throw);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
@@ -597,32 +518,27 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static TSource ElementAtOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
+
 			if (index < 0)
 				return default (TSource);
 
-			IList<TSource> list = source as IList<TSource>;
+			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
 			if (list != null)
 				return index < list.Count ? list [index] : default (TSource);
 
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (counter == index)
-					return element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			return default (TSource);
+			return source.ElementAt (index, Fallback.Default);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Empty
+
 		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Empty<TResult> ()
 		{
-			return new List<TResult> ();
+			return new TResult [0];
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Except
@@ -634,15 +550,19 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Except<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
 		{
-			if (first == null || second == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);
 
 			if (comparer == null)
 				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
 
-			List<TSource> items = new List<TSource> (Distinct (second));
-			foreach (TSource element in first) {
-				if (!Contains (items, element, comparer))
+			return CreateExceptIterator (first, second, comparer);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateExceptIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+		{
+			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (second, comparer);
+			foreach (var element in first) {
+				if (!items.Contains (element, comparer))
 					yield return element;
 			}
 		}
@@ -651,58 +571,61 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		#region First
 
-		public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+		static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			foreach (var element in source)
+				if (predicate (element))
+					return element;
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				return element;
+			if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
 
-			throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+			return default (TSource);
 		}
 
-
-		public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element))
-					return element;
+			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
+			if (list != null) {
+				if (list.Count != 0)
+					return list [0];
+
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+			} else {
+				using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ()) {
+					if (enumerator.MoveNext ())
+						return enumerator.Current;
+				}
 			}
 
 			throw new InvalidOperationException ();
 		}
 
+		public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
+
+			return source.First (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
+		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region FirstOrDefault
 
 		public static TSource FirstOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				return element;
-
-			return default (TSource);
+			return source.First (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
 		}
 
-
 		public static TSource FirstOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element))
-					return element;
-			}
-
-			return default (TSource);
+			return source.First (predicate, Fallback.Default);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
@@ -720,20 +643,23 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			return null;
 		}
 
-
 		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
 		{
 			return GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
 		}
 
-
 		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
+
+			return CreateGroupByIterator (source, keySelector, comparer);
+		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> CreateGroupByIterator<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+		{
 			Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> groups = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> ();
 			List<TSource> nullList = new List<TSource> ();
 			int counter = 0;
@@ -771,19 +697,16 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			}
 		}
 
-
 		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
 		{
 			return GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (source, keySelector, elementSelector, null);
 		}
 
-
 		public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null || elementSelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndKeyElementSelectors (source, keySelector, elementSelector);
 
 			Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> groups = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> ();
 			List<TElement> nullList = new List<TElement> ();
@@ -823,6 +746,43 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			}
 		}
 
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector,
+			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TElement>, TResult> resultSelector)
+		{
+			return GroupBy (source, keySelector, elementSelector, resultSelector, null);
+		}
+
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector,
+			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TElement>, TResult> resultSelector,
+			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+		{
+			IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> groups = GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (
+				source, keySelector, elementSelector, comparer);
+
+			foreach (IGrouping<TKey, TElement> group in groups)
+				yield return resultSelector (group.Key, group);
+		}
+
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector,
+			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TSource>, TResult> resultSelector)
+		{
+			return GroupBy (source, keySelector, resultSelector, null);
+		}
+
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector,
+			Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TSource>, TResult> resultSelector,
+			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+		{
+			IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey,TSource>> groups = GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer);
+
+			foreach (IGrouping<TKey, TSource> group in groups)
+				yield return resultSelector (group.Key, group);
+		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		# region GroupJoin
@@ -839,14 +799,20 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector,
 			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (outer == null || inner == null || outerKeySelector == null ||
-				innerKeySelector == null || resultSelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.JoinSelectors (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector);
 
 			if (comparer == null)
 				comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
 
-			Lookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
+			return CreateGroupJoinIterator (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, comparer);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateGroupJoinIterator<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
+			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
+			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector,
+			IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+		{
+			ILookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
 			/*Dictionary<K, List<U>> innerKeys = new Dictionary<K, List<U>> ();
 			foreach (U element in inner)
 			{
@@ -862,32 +828,34 @@ namespace System.Linq
 					yield return resultSelector (element, innerKeys [outerKey]);
 				else
 					yield return resultSelector (element, Empty<TInner> ());
-			}	
+			}
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Intersect
 
-
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
 		{
-			if (first == null || second == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			return Intersect (first, second, null);
+		}
 
-			List<TSource> items = new List<TSource> (Distinct (first));
-			bool [] marked = new bool [items.Count];
-			for (int i = 0; i < marked.Length; i++)
-				marked [i] = false;
+		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+		{
+			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in second) {
-				int index = IndexOf (items, element);
-				if (index != -1)
-					marked [index] = true;
-			}
-			for (int i = 0; i < marked.Length; i++) {
-				if (marked [i])
-					yield return items [i];
+			if (comparer == null)
+				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
+
+			return CreateIntersectIterator (first, second, comparer);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateIntersectIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+		{
+			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (second, comparer);
+			foreach (TSource element in first) {
+				if (items.Remove (element))
+					yield return element;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -899,14 +867,19 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
 			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (outer == null || inner == null || outerKeySelector == null ||
-					innerKeySelector == null || resultSelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.JoinSelectors (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector);
 
 			if (comparer == null)
 				comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
 
-			Lookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
+			return CreateJoinIterator (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, comparer);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateJoinIterator<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
+			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
+			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+		{
+			ILookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
 			/*Dictionary<K, List<U>> innerKeys = new Dictionary<K, List<U>> ();
 			foreach (U element in inner)
 			{
@@ -929,49 +902,55 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
 			Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector)
 		{
-			return Join<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, null);
+			return outer.Join (inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, null);
 		}
-		# endregion
+
+		#endregion
 
 		#region Last
 
-		public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+		static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			var empty = true;
+			var item = default (TSource);
 
-			bool noElements = true;
-			TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (noElements) noElements = false;
-				lastElement = element;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (!predicate (element))
+					continue;
+
+				item = element;
+				empty = false;
 			}
 
-			if (!noElements)
-				return lastElement;
-			else
+			if (!empty)
+				return item;
+
+			if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
 				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			return item;
 		}
 
-		public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			bool noElements = true;
-			TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element)) {
-					if (noElements) noElements = false;
-					lastElement = element;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (!noElements)
-				return lastElement;
-			else
+			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+			if (collection != null && collection.Count == 0)
 				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
+			if (list != null)
+				return list [list.Count - 1];
+
+			return source.Last (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Throw);
+		}
+
+		public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
+
+			return source.Last (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
@@ -980,50 +959,47 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static TSource LastOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				lastElement = element;
+			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
+			if (list != null)
+				return list.Count > 0 ? list [list.Count - 1] : default (TSource);
 
-			return lastElement;
+			return source.Last (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
 		}
 
-		public static TSource LastOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		public static TSource LastOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element))
-					lastElement = element;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-			return lastElement;
+			return source.Last (predicate, Fallback.Default);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
 		#region LongCount
+
 		public static long LongCount<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+#if !NET_2_1
+			var array = source as TSource [];
+			if (array != null)
+				return array.LongLength;
+#endif
 
 			long counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				counter++;
+			using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
+				while (enumerator.MoveNext ())
+					counter++;
+
 			return counter;
 		}
 
-
 		public static long LongCount<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
 			long counter = 0;
 			foreach (TSource element in source)
@@ -1039,160 +1015,123 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static int Max (this IEnumerable<int> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			int maximum = int.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (int element in source) {
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
+			return Iterate (source, int.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static int? Max (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+		public static long Max (this IEnumerable<long> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			int? maximum = int.MinValue;
-			foreach (int? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return Iterate (source, long.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
 		}
 
+		public static double Max (this IEnumerable<double> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-		public static long Max (this IEnumerable<long> source)
+			return Iterate (source, double.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
+		}
+
+		public static float Max (this IEnumerable<float> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			long maximum = long.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (long element in source) {
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			return Iterate (source, float.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
+		}
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
+		public static decimal Max (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return Iterate (source, decimal.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
 		}
 
+		public static int? Max (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
+		}
 
 		public static long? Max (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long? maximum = long.MinValue;
-			foreach (long? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
-		}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
+		}
 
-		public static double Max (this IEnumerable<double> source)
+		public static double? Max (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			double maximum = double.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (double element in source) {
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static double? Max (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
+		public static float? Max (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			double? maximum = double.MinValue;
-			foreach (double? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
 		}
 
+		public static decimal? Max (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
+		}
 
-		public static decimal Max (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
+		static T? IterateNullable<T> (IEnumerable<T?> source, Func<T, T, T> selector) where T : struct
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			bool empty = true;
+			T? value = null;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (!element.HasValue)
+					continue;
 
-			decimal maximum = decimal.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (decimal element in source) {
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
+				if (!value.HasValue)
+					value = element.Value;
+				else
+					value = selector (element.Value, value.Value);
+
+				empty = false;
 			}
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
-		}
+			if (empty)
+				return null;
 
+			return value;
+		}
 
-		public static decimal? Max (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+		static TRet? IterateNullable<TSource, TRet> (
+			IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, TRet?> source_selector,
+			Func<TRet?, TRet?, bool> selector) where TRet : struct
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			decimal? maximum = decimal.MinValue;
-			foreach (decimal? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
+			bool empty = true;
+			TRet? value = null;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				TRet? item = source_selector (element);
+
+				if (!value.HasValue)
+					value = item;
+				else if (selector (item, value))
+					value = item;
+
+				empty = false;
 			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
-		}
 
+			if (empty)
+				return null;
+
+			return value;
+		}
 
 		public static TSource Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
 			bool notAssigned = true;
 			TSource maximum = default (TSource);
@@ -1222,180 +1161,93 @@ namespace System.Linq
 				return maximum;
 		}
 
-
-		public static int Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, int> selector)
+		public static int Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			int maximum = int.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				int element = selector (item);
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
+			return Iterate (source, int.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static int? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, int?> selector)
+		public static long Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			int? maximum = int.MinValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				int? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
+			return Iterate (source, long.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static long Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, long> selector)
+		public static double Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			long maximum = long.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				long element = selector (item);
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
+			return Iterate (source, double.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static long? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, long?> selector)
+		public static float Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long? maximum = long.MinValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				long? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
+			return Iterate (source, float.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static double Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, double> selector)
+		public static decimal Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			double maximum = double.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				double element = selector (item);
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
+			return Iterate (source, decimal.MinValue, (a, b) => Math.Max (selector (a), b));
+		}
+
+		static U Iterate<T, U> (IEnumerable<T> source, U initValue, Func<T, U, U> selector)
+		{
+			bool empty = true;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				initValue = selector (element, initValue);
+				empty = false;
 			}
 
-			if (counter == 0)
+			if (empty)
 				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
-		}
 
+			return initValue;
+		}
 
-		public static double? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+		public static int? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			double? maximum = double.MinValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				double? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
 		}
 
-
-		public static decimal Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+		public static long? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			decimal maximum = decimal.MinValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				decimal element = selector (item);
-				if (element > maximum)
-					maximum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return maximum;
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
 		}
 
+		public static double? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
+		}
 
-		public static decimal? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+		public static float? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			decimal? maximum = decimal.MinValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				decimal? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element > maximum)
-						maximum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : maximum);
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
 		}
 
+		public static decimal? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
+		}
 
-		public static TResult Max<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
+		public static TResult Max<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
 			bool notAssigned = true;
 			TResult maximum = default (TResult);
@@ -1432,159 +1284,77 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static int Min (this IEnumerable<int> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			int minimum = int.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (int element in source) {
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+			return Iterate (source, int.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static int? Min (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+		public static long Min (this IEnumerable<long> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			int? minimum = int.MaxValue;
-			foreach (int? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return Iterate (source, long.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
 		}
 
-		public static long Min (this IEnumerable<long> source)
+		public static double Min (this IEnumerable<double> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			long minimum = long.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (long element in source) {
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+			return Iterate (source, double.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static long? Min (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
+		public static float Min (this IEnumerable<float> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long? minimum = long.MaxValue;
-			foreach (long? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
-		}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return Iterate (source, float.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
+		}
 
-		public static double Min (this IEnumerable<double> source)
+		public static decimal Min (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			double minimum = double.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (double element in source) {
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			return Iterate (source, decimal.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
+		}
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+		public static int? Min (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
 		}
 
+		public static long? Min (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
+		}
 
 		public static double? Min (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			double? minimum = double.MaxValue;
-			foreach (double? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
-		}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
+		}
 
-		public static decimal Min (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
+		public static float? Min (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			decimal minimum = decimal.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (decimal element in source) {
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
 		}
 
-
 		public static decimal? Min (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			decimal? minimum = decimal.MaxValue;
-			foreach (decimal? element in source) {
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
-		}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
+		}
 
 		public static TSource Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
 			bool notAssigned = true;
 			TSource minimum = default (TSource);
@@ -1614,180 +1384,79 @@ namespace System.Linq
 				return minimum;
 		}
 
-
-		public static int Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, int> selector)
+		public static int Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			int minimum = int.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				int element = selector (item);
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+			return Iterate (source, int.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static int? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, int?> selector)
+		public static long Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			int? minimum = int.MaxValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				int? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
+			return Iterate (source, long.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static long Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, long> selector)
+		public static double Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			long minimum = long.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				long element = selector (item);
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+			return Iterate (source, double.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static long? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, long?> selector)
+		public static float Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			long? minimum = long.MaxValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				long? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
+			return Iterate (source, float.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static double Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-			Func<TSource, double> selector)
+		public static decimal Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			double minimum = double.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				double element = selector (item);
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+			return Iterate (source, decimal.MaxValue, (a, b) => Math.Min (selector (a), b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static double? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+		public static int? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			double? minimum = double.MaxValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				double? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
 		}
 
-
-		public static decimal Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
+		public static long? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			decimal minimum = decimal.MaxValue;
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				decimal element = selector (item);
-				if (element < minimum)
-					minimum = element;
-				counter++;
-			}
-
-			if (counter == 0)
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-			else
-				return minimum;
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
 		}
 
+		public static float? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-		public static decimal? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
+		}
+
+		public static double? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			bool onlyNull = true;
-			decimal? minimum = decimal.MaxValue;
-			foreach (TSource item in source) {
-				decimal? element = selector (item);
-				if (element.HasValue) {
-					onlyNull = false;
-					if (element < minimum)
-						minimum = element;
-				}
-			}
-			return (onlyNull ? null : minimum);
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
 		}
 
+		public static decimal? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
+
+			return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
+		}
 
-		public static TResult Min<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
+		public static TResult Min<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
 			bool notAssigned = true;
 			TResult minimum = default (TResult);
@@ -1824,9 +1493,13 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TResult> OfType<TResult> (this IEnumerable source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return CreateOfTypeIterator<TResult> (source);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateOfTypeIterator<TResult> (IEnumerable source)
+		{
 			foreach (object element in source)
 				if (element is TResult)
 					yield return (TResult) element;
@@ -1842,16 +1515,13 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			return OrderBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
 		}
 
-
 		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector,
 				IComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
 
-			return new InternalOrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (
-					source, keySelector, comparer, false);
+			return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Ascending);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
@@ -1864,15 +1534,12 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			return OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
 		}
 
-
 		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderByDescending<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
 
-			return new InternalOrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (
-					source, keySelector, comparer, true);
+			return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Descending);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
@@ -1881,10 +1548,20 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static IEnumerable<int> Range (int start, int count)
 		{
-			if (count < 0 || (start + count - 1) > int.MaxValue)
+			if (count < 0)
+				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("count");
+
+			long upto = ((long) start + count) - 1;
+
+			if (upto > int.MaxValue)
 				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
 
-			for (int i = start; i < (start + count - 1); i++)
+			return CreateRangeIterator (start, (int) upto);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<int> CreateRangeIterator (int start, int upto)
+		{
+			for (int i = start; i <= upto; i++)
 				yield return i;
 		}
 
@@ -1897,46 +1574,62 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			if (count < 0)
 				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
 
+			return CreateRepeatIterator (element, count);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateRepeatIterator<TResult> (TResult element, int count)
+		{
 			for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
 				yield return element;
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
-
 		#region Reverse
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Reverse<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			var list = source as IList<TSource>;
+			if (list == null)
+				list = new List<TSource> (source);
+
+			return CreateReverseIterator (list);
+		}
 
-			List<TSource> list = new List<TSource> (source);
-			list.Reverse ();
-			return list;
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateReverseIterator<TSource> (IList<TSource> source)
+		{
+			for (int i = source.Count; i > 0; --i)
+				yield return source [i - 1];
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Select
 
-		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				yield return selector (element);
+			return CreateSelectIterator (source, selector);
 		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
+		{
+			foreach (var element in source)
+				yield return selector (element);
+		}
 
-		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, int, TResult> selector)
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, TResult> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
+			return CreateSelectIterator (source, selector);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, TResult> selector)
+		{
 			int counter = 0;
 			foreach (TSource element in source) {
 				yield return selector (element, counter);
@@ -1948,27 +1641,32 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		#region SelectMany
 
-		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
+			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, selector);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+		{
 			foreach (TSource element in source)
 				foreach (TResult item in selector (element))
 					yield return item;
 		}
 
-
-		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
+			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, selector);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TResult>> selector)
+		{
 			int counter = 0;
 			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				foreach (TResult item in selector (element, counter++))
+				foreach (TResult item in selector (element, counter))
 					yield return item;
 				counter++;
 			}
@@ -1977,20 +1675,30 @@ namespace System.Linq
 		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || collectionSelector == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndCollectionSelectors (source, collectionSelector, selector);
+
+			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, collectionSelector, selector);
+		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
+		{
 			foreach (TSource element in source)
 				foreach (TCollection collection in collectionSelector (element))
 					yield return selector (element, collection);
 		}
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-		Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
+			Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || collectionSelector == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndCollectionSelectors (source, collectionSelector, selector);
+
+			return CreateSelectManyIterator (source, collectionSelector, selector);
+		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectManyIterator<TSource, TCollection, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+			Func<TSource, int, IEnumerable<TCollection>> collectionSelector, Func<TSource, TCollection, TResult> selector)
+		{
 			int counter = 0;
 			foreach (TSource element in source)
 				foreach (TCollection collection in collectionSelector (element, counter++))
@@ -2001,46 +1709,40 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		#region Single
 
-		public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+		static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			var found = false;
+			var item = default (TSource);
 
-			bool otherElement = false;
-			TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-				if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-				singleElement = element;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (!predicate (element))
+					continue;
+
+				if (found)
+					throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+				found = true;
+				item = element;
 			}
 
-			if (otherElement)
-				return singleElement;
-			else
+			if (!found && fallback == Fallback.Throw)
 				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-		}
 
+			return item;
+		}
 
-		public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			bool otherElement = false;
-			TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element)) {
-					if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-					if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-					singleElement = element;
-				}
-			}
+			return source.Single (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Throw);
+		}
 
-			if (otherElement)
-				return singleElement;
-			else
-				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+		public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
+
+			return source.Single (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
@@ -2049,67 +1751,53 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static TSource SingleOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool otherElement = false;
-			TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-				if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-				singleElement = element;
-			}
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			return singleElement;
+			return source.Single (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
 		}
 
-
-		public static TSource SingleOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		public static TSource SingleOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			bool otherElement = false;
-			TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element)) {
-					if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-					if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-					singleElement = element;
-				}
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-			return singleElement;
+			return source.Single (predicate, Fallback.Default);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Skip
+
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Skip<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new NotSupportedException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return CreateSkipIterator (source, count);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateSkipIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+		{
 			int i = 0;
-			foreach (TSource e in source) {
-				if (++i < count)
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (i++ < count)
 					continue;
-				yield return e;
+
+				yield return element;
 			}
 		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region SkipWhile
 
-
-		public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource> (
-				this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
+
+			return CreateSkipWhileIterator (source, predicate);
+		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateSkipWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		{
 			bool yield = false;
 
 			foreach (TSource element in source) {
@@ -2123,13 +1811,15 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			}
 		}
 
-
-		public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+		public static IEnumerable<TSource> SkipWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
+
+			return CreateSkipWhileIterator (source, predicate);
+		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateSkipWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+		{
 			int counter = 0;
 			bool yield = false;
 
@@ -2151,245 +1841,203 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static int Sum (this IEnumerable<int> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("source");
-
-			int sum = 0;
-			foreach (int element in source)
-				sum += element;
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<int, int> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static int Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
+		public static int? Sum (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			int sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				sum += selector (element);
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			return sum;
+			return source.SumNullable<int?, int?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
 		}
 
-
-		public static int? Sum (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+		public static int Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			int? sum = 0;
-			foreach (int? element in source)
-				if (element.HasValue)
-					sum += element.Value;
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<TSource, int> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
 		}
 
-
 		public static int? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			int? sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				int? item = selector (element);
-				if (item.HasValue)
-					sum += item.Value;
-			}
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			return sum;
+			return source.SumNullable<TSource, int?> (0, (a, b) => {
+				var value = selector (b);
+				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
+			});
 		}
 
-
 		public static long Sum (this IEnumerable<long> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			long sum = 0;
-			foreach (long element in source)
-				sum += element;
-
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<long, long> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
 		}
 
-
-		public static long Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
+		public static long? Sum (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			long sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				sum += selector (element);
-
-			return sum;
+			return source.SumNullable<long?, long?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
 		}
 
-
-		public static long? Sum (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
+		public static long Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			long? sum = 0;
-			foreach (long? element in source)
-				if (element.HasValue)
-					sum += element.Value;
-
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<TSource, long> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
 		}
 
-
 		public static long? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			long? sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				long? item = selector (element);
-				if (item.HasValue)
-					sum += item.Value;
-			}
-
-			return sum;
+			return source.SumNullable<TSource, long?> (0, (a, b) => {
+				var value = selector (b);
+				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
+			});
 		}
 
-
 		public static double Sum (this IEnumerable<double> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			double sum = 0;
-			foreach (double element in source)
-				sum += element;
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<double, double> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
 		}
 
+		public static double? Sum (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return source.SumNullable<double?, double?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
+		}
 
 		public static double Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			double sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				sum += selector (element);
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<TSource, double> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
 		}
 
-
-		public static double? Sum (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
+		public static double? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			double? sum = 0;
-			foreach (double? element in source)
-				if (element.HasValue)
-					sum += element.Value;
-
-			return sum;
+			return source.SumNullable<TSource, double?> (0, (a, b) => {
+				var value = selector (b);
+				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
+			});
 		}
 
+		public static float Sum (this IEnumerable<float> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-		public static double? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
+			return Sum<float, float> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
+		}
+
+		public static float? Sum (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			double? sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				double? item = selector (element);
-				if (item.HasValue)
-					sum += item.Value;
-			}
+			return source.SumNullable<float?, float?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
+		}
 
-			return sum;
+		public static float Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
+
+			return Sum<TSource, float> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
 		}
 
+		public static float? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
+		{
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
+
+			return source.SumNullable<TSource, float?> (0, (a, b) => {
+				var value = selector (b);
+				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
+			});
+		}
 
 		public static decimal Sum (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
-			decimal sum = 0;
-			foreach (decimal element in source)
-				sum += element;
-
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<decimal, decimal> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
 		}
 
+		public static decimal? Sum (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+		{
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			return source.SumNullable<decimal?, decimal?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
+		}
 
 		public static decimal Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			decimal sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source)
-				sum += selector (element);
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			return sum;
+			return Sum<TSource, decimal> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
 		}
 
-
-		public static decimal? Sum (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
+		public static decimal? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			decimal? sum = 0;
-			foreach (decimal? element in source)
-				if (element.HasValue)
-					sum += element.Value;
+			Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-			return sum;
+			return source.SumNullable<TSource, decimal?> (0, (a, b) => {
+				var value = selector (b);
+				return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
+			});
 		}
 
-
-		public static decimal? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
+		static TR Sum<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, Func<TR, TA, TR> selector)
 		{
-			if (source == null || selector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			TR total = default (TR);
+			long counter = 0;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				total = selector (total, element);
+				++counter;
+			}
 
-			decimal? sum = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				decimal? item = selector (element);
-				if (item.HasValue)
-					sum += item.Value;
+			return total;
+		}
+
+		static TR SumNullable<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, TR zero, Func<TR, TA, TR> selector)
+		{
+			TR total = zero;
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				total = selector (total, element);
 			}
 
-			return sum;
+			return total;
 		}
 
 		#endregion
+
 		#region Take
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Take<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
 
+			return CreateTakeIterator (source, count);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateTakeIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, int count)
+		{
 			if (count <= 0)
 				yield break;
-			else {
-				int counter = 0;
-				foreach (TSource element in source) {
-					yield return element;
-					counter++;
-					if (counter == count)
-						yield break;
-				}
+
+			int counter = 0;
+			foreach (TSource element in source) {
+				yield return element;
+
+				if (++counter == count)
+					yield break;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -2399,28 +2047,36 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> TakeWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element))
-					yield return element;
-				else
+			return CreateTakeWhileIterator (source, predicate);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateTakeWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		{
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (!predicate (element))
 					yield break;
+
+				yield return element;
 			}
 		}
 
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> TakeWhile<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
+
+			return CreateTakeWhileIterator (source, predicate);
+		}
 
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateTakeWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+		{
 			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				if (predicate (element, counter))
-					yield return element;
-				else
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				if (!predicate (element, counter))
 					yield break;
+
+				yield return element;
 				counter++;
 			}
 		}
@@ -2434,12 +2090,10 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			return ThenBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
 		}
 
-
 		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> ThenBy<TSource, TKey> (this IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
 
 			return source.CreateOrderedEnumerable (keySelector, comparer, false);
 		}
@@ -2454,12 +2108,10 @@ namespace System.Linq
 			return ThenByDescending<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
 		}
 
-
 		public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> ThenByDescending<TSource, TKey> (this IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
 
 			return source.CreateOrderedEnumerable (keySelector, comparer, true);
 		}
@@ -2467,47 +2119,63 @@ namespace System.Linq
 		#endregion
 
 		#region ToArray
+
 		public static TSource [] ToArray<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.Source (source);
+
+			var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+			if (collection != null) {
+				var array = new TSource [collection.Count];
+				collection.CopyTo (array, 0);
+				return array;
+			}
 
-			List<TSource> list = new List<TSource> (source);
-			return list.ToArray ();
+			return new List<TSource> (source).ToArray ();
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
 		#region ToDictionary
-		public static Dictionary<TKey, TElement> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
+		public static Dictionary<TKey, TElement> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
 		{
 			return ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (source, keySelector, elementSelector, null);
 		}
 
-
-		public static Dictionary<TKey, TElement> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+		public static Dictionary<TKey, TElement> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("source");
-			if (keySelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("keySelector");
-			if (elementSelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("elementSelector");
-
-			Dictionary<TKey, TElement> dict = new Dictionary<TKey, TElement> (comparer);
-			foreach (TSource e in source) {
+			Check.SourceAndKeyElementSelectors (source, keySelector, elementSelector);
+
+			if (comparer == null)
+				comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
+
+			var dict = new Dictionary<TKey, TElement> (comparer);
+			foreach (var e in source)
 				dict.Add (keySelector (e), elementSelector (e));
-			}
 
 			return dict;
 		}
+
+		public static Dictionary<TKey, TSource> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+		{
+			return ToDictionary (source, keySelector, null);
+		}
+
+		public static Dictionary<TKey, TSource> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+				Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+		{
+			return ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, Function<TSource>.Identity, comparer);
+		}
+
 		#endregion
 
 		#region ToList
 		public static List<TSource> ToList<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
-			if (source == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ("source");
+			Check.Source (source);
 
 			return new List<TSource> (source);
 		}
@@ -2515,84 +2183,110 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		#region ToLookup
 
-		public static Lookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
+		public static ILookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
 		{
-			return ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
+			return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, Function<TSource>.Identity, null);
 		}
 
-
-		public static Lookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+		public static ILookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-
-			Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				TKey key = keySelector (element);
-				if (key == null)
-					throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-				if (!dictionary.ContainsKey (key))
-					dictionary.Add (key, new List<TSource> ());
-				dictionary [key].Add (element);
-			}
-			return new Lookup<TKey, TSource> (dictionary);
+			return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, element => element, comparer);
 		}
 
-
-		public static Lookup<TKey, TElement> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+		public static ILookup<TKey, TElement> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
 		{
 			return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (source, keySelector, elementSelector, null);
 		}
 
-
-		public static Lookup<TKey, TElement> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+		public static ILookup<TKey, TElement> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
 			Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
 		{
-			if (source == null || keySelector == null || elementSelector == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndKeyElementSelectors (source, keySelector, elementSelector);
 
-			Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
-			foreach (TSource element in source) {
-				TKey key = keySelector (element);
+			var dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+			foreach (var element in source) {
+				var key = keySelector (element);
 				if (key == null)
-					throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-				if (!dictionary.ContainsKey (key))
-					dictionary.Add (key, new List<TElement> ());
-				dictionary [key].Add (elementSelector (element));
+					throw new ArgumentNullException ("key");
+
+				List<TElement> list;
+				if (!dictionary.TryGetValue (key, out list)) {
+					list = new List<TElement> ();
+					dictionary.Add (key, list);
+				}
+
+				list.Add (elementSelector (element));
 			}
+
 			return new Lookup<TKey, TElement> (dictionary);
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
-		#region ToSequence
+		#region SequenceEqual
+
+		public static bool SequenceEqual<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
+		{
+			return first.SequenceEqual (second, null);
+		}
 
-		public static IEnumerable<T> ToSequence<T> (this IEnumerable<T> source)
+		public static bool SequenceEqual<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
 		{
-			return (IEnumerable<T>) source;
+			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);
+
+			if (comparer == null)
+				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
+
+			using (IEnumerator<TSource> first_enumerator = first.GetEnumerator (),
+				second_enumerator = second.GetEnumerator ()) {
+
+				while (first_enumerator.MoveNext ()) {
+					if (!second_enumerator.MoveNext ())
+						return false;
+
+					if (!comparer.Equals (first_enumerator.Current, second_enumerator.Current))
+						return false;
+				}
+
+				return !second_enumerator.MoveNext ();
+			}
 		}
 
 		#endregion
 
 		#region Union
 
-
 		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Union<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second)
 		{
-			if (first == null || second == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);
 
-			List<TSource> items = new List<TSource> ();
-			foreach (TSource element in first) {
-				if (IndexOf (items, element) == -1) {
+			return first.Union (second, null);
+		}
+
+		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Union<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+		{
+			Check.FirstAndSecond (first, second);
+
+			if (comparer == null)
+				comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
+
+			return CreateUnionIterator (first, second, comparer);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateUnionIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
+		{
+			var items = new HashSet<TSource> (comparer);
+			foreach (var element in first) {
+				if (! items.Contains (element)) {
 					items.Add (element);
 					yield return element;
 				}
 			}
-			foreach (TSource element in second) {
-				if (IndexOf (items, element) == -1) {
+
+			foreach (var element in second) {
+				if (! items.Contains (element, comparer)) {
 					items.Add (element);
 					yield return element;
 				}
@@ -2603,24 +2297,29 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		#region Where
 
-		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
+			return CreateWhereIterator (source, predicate);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateWhereIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+		{
 			foreach (TSource element in source)
 				if (predicate (element))
 					yield return element;
 		}
 
-
-		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-				Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+		public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
 		{
-			if (source == null || predicate == null)
-				throw new ArgumentNullException ();
+			Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
+			return CreateWhereIterator (source, predicate);
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateWhereIterator<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int, bool> predicate)
+		{
 			int counter = 0;
 			foreach (TSource element in source) {
 				if (predicate (element, counter))
@@ -2631,61 +2330,20 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
 		#endregion
 
-		// These methods are not included in the
-		// .NET Standard Query Operators Specification,
-		// but they provide additional useful commands
-
-		#region Compare
-
-		private static bool Equals<T> (T first, T second)
-		{
-			// Mostly, values in Enumerable<T> 
-			// sequences need to be compared using
-			// Equals and GetHashCode
-
-			if (first == null || second == null)
-				return (first == null && second == null);
-			else
-				return ((first.Equals (second) ||
-						 first.GetHashCode () == second.GetHashCode ()));
-		}
-
-		#endregion
-
-		#region IndexOf
-
-		static int IndexOf<T> (this IEnumerable<T> source, T item, IEqualityComparer<T> comparer)
-		{
-			if (comparer == null)
-				comparer = EqualityComparer<T>.Default;
-
-			int counter = 0;
-			foreach (T element in source) {
-				if (comparer.Equals (element, item))
-					return counter;
-				counter++;
-			}
-			// The item was not found
-			return -1;
-		}
-
-		static int IndexOf<T> (this IEnumerable<T> source, T item)
-		{
-			return IndexOf<T> (source, item, null);
+		class ReadOnlyCollectionOf<T> {
+			public static readonly ReadOnlyCollection<T> Empty = new ReadOnlyCollection<T> (new T [0]);
 		}
-		#endregion
 
-		#region ToReadOnlyCollection
-		internal static ReadOnlyCollection<TSource> ToReadOnlyCollection<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+		internal static ReadOnlyCollection<TSource> ToReadOnlyCollection<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
 		{
 			if (source == null)
-				return new ReadOnlyCollection<TSource> (new List<TSource> ());
+				return ReadOnlyCollectionOf<TSource>.Empty;
 
-			if (typeof (ReadOnlyCollection<TSource>).IsInstanceOfType (source))
-				return source as ReadOnlyCollection<TSource>;
+			var ro = source as ReadOnlyCollection<TSource>;
+			if (ro != null)
+				return ro;
 
-			return new ReadOnlyCollection<TSource> (ToArray<TSource> (source));
+			return new ReadOnlyCollection<TSource> (source.ToArray<TSource> ());
 		}
-		#endregion
 	}
 }