2010-06-15 Marek Safar <marek.safar@gmail.com>
[mono.git] / mcs / mcs / constant.cs
old mode 100755 (executable)
new mode 100644 (file)
index 99bd0de..c04ad02
 //
-// constant.cs: Constant expressions and constant folding.
+// constant.cs: Constants.
 //
 // Author:
 //   Miguel de Icaza (miguel@ximian.com)
+//   Marek Safar (marek.safar@seznam.cz)
 //
-// (C) 2001 Ximian, Inc.
-//
+// Copyright 2001-2003 Ximian, Inc.
+// Copyright 2003-2008 Novell, Inc.
 //
 
+using System;
+using System.Reflection.Emit;
+
 namespace Mono.CSharp {
 
-       using System;
-       using System.Reflection;
-       using System.Reflection.Emit;
-       using System.Collections;
+       /// <summary>
+       ///   Base class for constants and literals.
+       /// </summary>
+       public abstract class Constant : Expression {
+
+               protected Constant (Location loc)
+               {
+                       this.loc = loc;
+               }
+
+               /// <remarks>
+               ///   This is different from ToString in that ToString
+               ///   is supposed to be there for debugging purposes,
+               ///   and is not guaranteed to be useful for anything else,
+               ///   AsString() will provide something that can be used
+               ///   for round-tripping C# code.  Maybe it can be used
+               ///   for IL assembly as well.
+               /// </remarks>
+               public abstract string AsString ();
+
+               override public string ToString ()
+               {
+                       return this.GetType ().Name + " (" + AsString () + ")";
+               }
+
+               /// <summary>
+               ///  This is used to obtain the actual value of the literal
+               ///  cast into an object.
+               /// </summary>
+               public abstract object GetValue ();
+
+               public virtual object GetTypedValue ()
+               {
+                       return GetValue ();
+               }
+
+               public override void Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ResolveContext ec, Location loc, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
+               {
+                       if (!expl && IsLiteral && 
+                               (TypeManager.IsPrimitiveType (target) || type == TypeManager.decimal_type) &&
+                               (TypeManager.IsPrimitiveType (type) || type == TypeManager.decimal_type)) {
+                               ec.Report.Error (31, loc, "Constant value `{0}' cannot be converted to a `{1}'",
+                                       AsString (), TypeManager.CSharpName (target));
+                       } else {
+                               base.Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ec, loc, target, expl);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public Constant ImplicitConversionRequired (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec type, Location loc)
+               {
+                       Constant c = ConvertImplicitly (ec, type);
+                       if (c == null)
+                               Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ec, loc, type, false);
+
+                       return c;
+               }
+
+               public virtual Constant ConvertImplicitly (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type)
+               {
+                       if (this.type == type)
+                               return this;
+
+                       if (Convert.ImplicitNumericConversion (this, type) == null) 
+                               return null;
+
+                       bool fail;                      
+                       object constant_value = TypeManager.ChangeType (GetValue (), type, out fail);
+                       if (fail){
+                               //
+                               // We should always catch the error before this is ever
+                               // reached, by calling Convert.ImplicitStandardConversionExists
+                               //
+                               throw new InternalErrorException ("Missing constant conversion between `{0}' and `{1}'",
+                                 TypeManager.CSharpName (Type), TypeManager.CSharpName (type));
+                       }
+
+                       return CreateConstant (rc, type, constant_value, loc);
+               }
+
+               //
+               //  Returns a constant instance based on Type
+               //
+               public static Constant CreateConstant (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec t, object v, Location loc)
+               {
+                       return CreateConstantFromValue (t, v, loc).Resolve (rc);
+               }
+
+               public static Constant CreateConstantFromValue (TypeSpec t, object v, Location loc)
+               {
+                       if (t == TypeManager.int32_type)
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.string_type)
+                               return new StringConstant ((string) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.uint32_type)
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.uint64_type)
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.short_type)
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short)v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.ushort_type)
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort)v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.sbyte_type)
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte)v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.byte_type)
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte)v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.char_type)
+                               return new CharConstant ((char)v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.bool_type)
+                               return new BoolConstant ((bool) v, loc);
+                       if (t == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) v, loc);
+                       if (TypeManager.IsEnumType (t)) {
+                               var real_type = EnumSpec.GetUnderlyingType (t);
+                               return new EnumConstant (CreateConstantFromValue (real_type, v, loc).Resolve (null), t);
+                       }
+                       if (v == null) {
+                               if (TypeManager.IsNullableType (t))
+                                       return Nullable.LiftedNull.Create (t, loc);
+
+                               if (TypeManager.IsReferenceType (t))
+                                       return new NullConstant (t, loc);
+                       }
+
+                       throw new InternalErrorException ("Constant value `{0}' has unexpected underlying type `{1}'",
+                               v, TypeManager.CSharpName (t));
+               }
+
+               public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
+               {
+                       Arguments args = new Arguments (2);
+                       args.Add (new Argument (this));
+                       args.Add (new Argument (new TypeOf (new TypeExpression (type, loc), loc)));
+
+                       return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Constant", args);
+               }
+
+
+               /// <summary>
+               /// Maybe ConvertTo name is better. It tries to convert `this' constant to target_type.
+               /// It throws OverflowException 
+               /// </summary>
+               // DON'T CALL THIS METHOD DIRECTLY AS IT DOES NOT HANDLE ENUMS
+               public abstract Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type);
+
+               /// <summary>
+               ///   Attempts to do a compile-time folding of a constant cast.
+               /// </summary>
+               public Constant TryReduce (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec target_type, Location loc)
+               {
+                       try {
+                               return TryReduce (ec, target_type);
+                       }
+                       catch (OverflowException) {
+                               if (ec.ConstantCheckState) {                            
+                                       ec.Report.Error (221, loc, "Constant value `{0}' cannot be converted to a `{1}' (use `unchecked' syntax to override)",
+                                               GetValue ().ToString (), TypeManager.CSharpName (target_type));
+                               } else {
+                                       Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ec, loc, target_type, false);
+                               }
+
+                               return New.Constantify (target_type).Resolve (ec);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               Constant TryReduce (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (Type == target_type)
+                               return this;
+
+                       Constant c;
+                       if (TypeManager.IsEnumType (target_type)) {
+                               c = TryReduce (ec, EnumSpec.GetUnderlyingType (target_type));
+                               if (c == null)
+                                       return null;
+
+                               return new EnumConstant (c, target_type).Resolve (ec);
+                       }
+
+                       c = ConvertExplicitly (ec.ConstantCheckState, target_type);
+                       if (c != null)
+                               c = c.Resolve (ec);
+
+                       return c;
+               }
+
+               /// <summary>
+               /// Need to pass type as the constant can require a boxing
+               /// and in such case no optimization is possible
+               /// </summary>
+               public bool IsDefaultInitializer (TypeSpec type)
+               {
+                       if (type == Type)
+                               return IsDefaultValue;
+
+                       return this is NullLiteral;
+               }
+
+               public abstract bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get;
+               }
+
+               public abstract bool IsNegative {
+                       get;
+               }
+
+               //
+               // When constant is declared as literal
+               //
+               public virtual bool IsLiteral {
+                       get { return false; }
+               }
+               
+               public virtual bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get { return false; }
+               }               
+
+               //
+               // Returns true iff 1) the stack type of this is one of Object, 
+               // int32, int64 and 2) this == 0 or this == null.
+               //
+               public virtual bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return false; }
+               }
+
+               public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       // do nothing
+               }
+
+               protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
+               {
+                       // CloneTo: Nothing, we do not keep any state on this expression
+               }
+
+               public override System.Linq.Expressions.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
+               {
+                       return System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Constant (GetTypedValue (), type.GetMetaInfo ());
+               }
+
+               public new Constant Resolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       if (eclass != ExprClass.Unresolved)
+                               return this;
+
+                       // Resolved constant has to be still a constant
+                       Constant c = (Constant) DoResolve (rc);
+                       if (c == null)
+                               return null;
+
+                       if ((c.eclass & ExprClass.Value) == 0) {
+                               c.Error_UnexpectedKind (rc, ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue, loc);
+                               return null;
+                       }
+
+                       if (c.type == null)
+                               throw new InternalErrorException ("Expression `{0}' did not set its type after Resolve", c.GetType ());
+
+                       return c;
+               }
+       }
+
+       public abstract class IntegralConstant : Constant {
+               protected IntegralConstant (Location loc) :
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+               }
+
+               public override void Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ResolveContext ec, Location loc, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
+               {
+                       try {
+                               ConvertExplicitly (true, target);
+                               base.Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ec, loc, target, expl);
+                       }
+                       catch
+                       {
+                               ec.Report.Error (31, loc, "Constant value `{0}' cannot be converted to a `{1}'",
+                                       GetValue ().ToString (), TypeManager.CSharpName (target));
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public abstract Constant Increment ();
+       }
+       
+       public class BoolConstant : Constant {
+               public readonly bool Value;
+               
+               public BoolConstant (bool val, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = val;
+               }
+
+               override public string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value ? "true" : "false";
+               }
 
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.bool_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
 
-       public class Constant : Expression {
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return (object) Value;
+               }
 
-               public readonly string     Name;
-               public readonly string     ConstantType;
-               public Expression Expr;
-               public Attributes  OptAttributes;
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
                
-               int mod_flags;
-               Location Location;
-               public FieldBuilder FieldBuilder;
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       if (Value)
+                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+                       else
+                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return !Value;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return false;
+                       }
+               }
+       
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == false; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class ByteConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly byte Value;
+
+               public ByteConstant (byte v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
 
-               public const int AllowedModifiers =
-                       Modifiers.NEW |
-                       Modifiers.PUBLIC |
-                       Modifiers.PROTECTED |
-                       Modifiers.INTERNAL |
-                       Modifiers.PRIVATE;
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitInt (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.byte_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
 
-               public Constant (string constant_type, string name, Expression expr, int mod_flags,
-                                Attributes attrs, Location loc)
+               public override Constant Increment ()
                {
-                       this.ConstantType = constant_type;
-                       this.Name = name;
-                       this.Expr = expr;
-                       this.mod_flags = Modifiers.Check (AllowedModifiers, mod_flags, Modifiers.PRIVATE);
-                       this.Location = loc;
-                       OptAttributes = attrs;
+                       return new ByteConstant (checked ((byte)(Value + 1)), loc);
                }
 
-               public FieldAttributes FieldAttr {
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
                        get {
-                               return FieldAttributes.Literal | FieldAttributes.Static |
-                                       Modifiers.FieldAttr (mod_flags) ;
+                               return Value == 0;
                        }
                }
 
-               public int ModFlags {
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
                        get {
-                               return mod_flags;
+                               return false;
                        }
                }
 
-               public override Expression DoResolve (EmitContext ec)
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > SByte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type)
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type)
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type)
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type)
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type)
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type)
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class CharConstant : Constant {
+               public readonly char Value;
+
+               public CharConstant (char v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
                {
-                       // FIXME: implement
+                       type = TypeManager.char_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
                        return this;
                }
 
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write ((ushort) Value);
+               }
+
                public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
                {
-                       throw new Exception ("Unimplemented");
+                       ec.EmitInt (Value);
                }
-                      
-               /// <summary>
-               ///   Defines the constant in the @parent
-               /// </summary>
-               public void Define (TypeContainer parent)
+
+               static string descape (char c)
                {
-                       type = parent.LookupType (ConstantType, true);
+                       switch (c){
+                       case '\a':
+                               return "\\a"; 
+                       case '\b':
+                               return "\\b"; 
+                       case '\n':
+                               return "\\n"; 
+                       case '\t':
+                               return "\\t"; 
+                       case '\v':
+                               return "\\v"; 
+                       case '\r':
+                               return "\\r"; 
+                       case '\\':
+                               return "\\\\";
+                       case '\f':
+                               return "\\f"; 
+                       case '\0':
+                               return "\\0"; 
+                       case '"':
+                               return "\\\""; 
+                       case '\'':
+                               return "\\\'"; 
+                       }
+                       return c.ToString ();
+               }
 
-                       if (type == null)
-                               return;
-                       
-                       if (!TypeManager.IsBuiltinType (type) && (!type.IsSubclassOf (TypeManager.enum_type))) {
-                               Report.Error (-3, "Constant type is not valid (only system types are allowed)");
-                               return;
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return "\"" + descape (Value) + "\"";
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
                        }
-                       
-                       FieldBuilder = parent.TypeBuilder.DefineField (Name, type, FieldAttr);
                }
 
-               /// <summary>
-               ///  Emits the field value by evaluating the expression
-               /// </summary>
-               public void EmitConstant (TypeContainer parent)
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return false;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == '\0'; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
                {
-                       if (FieldBuilder == null)
-                               return;
-                       
-                       EmitContext ec = new EmitContext (parent, null, type, ModFlags);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Byte.MinValue || Value > Byte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > SByte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > Int16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }                                       
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type)
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type)
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type)
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
 
-                       Expr = Expression.Reduce (ec, Expr);
+                       return null;
+               }
 
-                       if (!(Expr is Literal)) {
-                               Report.Error (150, Location, "A constant value is expected");
-                               return;
+       }
+
+       public class SByteConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly sbyte Value;
+
+               public SByteConstant (sbyte v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.sbyte_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitInt (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant Increment ()
+               {
+                   return new SByteConstant (checked((sbyte)(Value + 1)), loc);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
                        }
+               }
 
-                       object val = ((Literal) Expr).GetValue ();
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return Value < 0;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+               
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
 
-                       FieldBuilder.SetConstant (val);
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type)
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       } if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type)
+                                 return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       } if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                                 return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
 
-                       TypeManager.RegisterField (FieldBuilder, val);
-                       
-                       return;
+                       return null;
                }
+
        }
-}
 
+       public class ShortConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly short Value;
+
+               public ShortConstant (short v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.short_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
 
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitInt (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant Increment ()
+               {
+                       return new ShortConstant (checked((short)(Value + 1)), loc);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return Value < 0;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Byte.MinValue || Value > Byte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < SByte.MinValue || Value > SByte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type)
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Char.MinValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class UShortConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly ushort Value;
+
+               public UShortConstant (ushort v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.ushort_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitInt (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+       
+               public override Constant Increment ()
+               {
+                       return new UShortConstant (checked((ushort)(Value + 1)), loc);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return false;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+       
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > Byte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > SByte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > Int16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type)
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type)
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type)
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > Char.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+       }
+
+       public class IntConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly int Value;
+
+               public IntConstant (int v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.int32_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitInt (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant Increment ()
+               {
+                       return new IntConstant (checked(Value + 1), loc);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return Value < 0;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Byte.MinValue || Value > Byte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < SByte.MinValue || Value > SByte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Int16.MinValue || Value > Int16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < UInt16.MinValue || Value > UInt16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < UInt32.MinValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Char.MinValue || Value > Char.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type)
+               {
+                       if (this.type == type)
+                               return this;
+
+                       Constant c = TryImplicitIntConversion (type);
+                       if (c != null)
+                               return c.Resolve (rc);
+
+                       return base.ConvertImplicitly (rc, type);
+               }
+
+               /// <summary>
+               ///   Attempts to perform an implicit constant conversion of the IntConstant
+               ///   into a different data type using casts (See Implicit Constant
+               ///   Expression Conversions)
+               /// </summary>
+               Constant TryImplicitIntConversion (TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (Value >= SByte.MinValue && Value <= SByte.MaxValue)
+                                       return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, loc);
+                       } 
+                       else if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (Value >= Byte.MinValue && Value <= Byte.MaxValue)
+                                       return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, loc);
+                       } 
+                       else if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (Value >= Int16.MinValue && Value <= Int16.MaxValue)
+                                       return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, loc);
+                       } 
+                       else if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (Value >= UInt16.MinValue && Value <= UInt16.MaxValue)
+                                       return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, loc);
+                       } 
+                       else if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if (Value >= 0)
+                                       return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, loc);
+                       } 
+                       else if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               //
+                               // we can optimize this case: a positive int32
+                               // always fits on a uint64.  But we need an opcode
+                               // to do it.
+                               //
+                               if (Value >= 0)
+                                       return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, loc);
+                       } 
+                       else if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, loc);
+                       else if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, loc);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+       }
+
+       public class UIntConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly uint Value;
+
+               public UIntConstant (uint v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.uint32_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitInt (unchecked ((int) Value));
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant Increment ()
+               {
+                       return new UIntConstant (checked(Value + 1), loc);
+               }
+       
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return false;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Char.MinValue || Value > Char.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > SByte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > Int16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < UInt16.MinValue || Value > UInt16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value > Int32.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type)
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Char.MinValue || Value > Char.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class LongConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly long Value;
+
+               public LongConstant (long v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.int64_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitLong (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant Increment ()
+               {
+                       return new LongConstant (checked(Value + 1), loc);
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return Value < 0;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Byte.MinValue || Value > Byte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < SByte.MinValue || Value > SByte.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Int16.MinValue || Value > Int16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < UInt16.MinValue || Value > UInt16.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Int32.MinValue || Value > Int32.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < UInt32.MinValue || Value > UInt32.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value < 0)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Char.MinValue || Value > Char.MaxValue)
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type)
+               {
+                       if (Value >= 0 && type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, loc).Resolve (rc);
+                       }
+
+                       return base.ConvertImplicitly (rc, type);
+               }
+       }
+
+       public class ULongConstant : IntegralConstant {
+               public readonly ulong Value;
+
+               public ULongConstant (ulong v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.uint64_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.EmitLong (unchecked ((long) Value));
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant Increment ()
+               {
+                       return new ULongConstant (checked(Value + 1), loc);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return false;
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               public override bool IsOneInteger {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 1;
+                       }
+               }               
+
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return Value == 0; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value > Byte.MaxValue)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value > ((ulong) SByte.MaxValue))
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value > ((ulong) Int16.MaxValue))
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value > UInt16.MaxValue)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value > UInt32.MaxValue)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if  (in_checked_context && Value > UInt32.MaxValue)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value > Int64.MaxValue)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context && Value > Char.MaxValue)
+                                       throw new OverflowException ();
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class FloatConstant : Constant {
+               public float Value;
+
+               public FloatConstant (float v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.float_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_R4, Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return Value < 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < byte.MinValue || Value > byte.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < sbyte.MinValue || Value > sbyte.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < short.MinValue || Value > short.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < ushort.MinValue || Value > ushort.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < int.MinValue || Value > int.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < uint.MinValue || Value > uint.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < long.MinValue || Value > long.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < ulong.MinValue || Value > ulong.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < (float) char.MinValue || Value > (float) char.MaxValue || float.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class DoubleConstant : Constant {
+               public double Value;
+
+               public DoubleConstant (double v, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = v;
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.double_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       enc.Stream.Write (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_R8, Value);
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString ();
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return Value < 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < Byte.MinValue || Value > Byte.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < SByte.MinValue || Value > SByte.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < short.MinValue || Value > short.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < ushort.MinValue || Value > ushort.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < int.MinValue || Value > int.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new IntConstant ((int) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < uint.MinValue || Value > uint.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < long.MinValue || Value > long.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new LongConstant ((long) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < ulong.MinValue || Value > ulong.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float) Value, Location);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type) {
+                               if (in_checked_context){
+                                       if (Value < (double) char.MinValue || Value > (double) char.MaxValue || double.IsNaN (Value))
+                                               throw new OverflowException ();
+                               }
+                               return new CharConstant ((char) Value, Location);
+                       }
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.decimal_type)
+                               return new DecimalConstant ((decimal) Value, Location);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class DecimalConstant : Constant {
+               public readonly decimal Value;
+
+               public DecimalConstant (decimal d, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = d;
+               }
+
+               override public string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return Value.ToString () + "M";
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.decimal_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return (object) Value;
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       int [] words = decimal.GetBits (Value);
+                       int power = (words [3] >> 16) & 0xff;
+
+                       if (power == 0) {
+                               if (Value <= int.MaxValue && Value >= int.MinValue) {
+                                       if (TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_int_arg == null) {
+                                               TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_int_arg = TypeManager.GetPredefinedConstructor (
+                                                       TypeManager.decimal_type, loc, TypeManager.int32_type);
+
+                                               if (TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_int_arg == null)
+                                                       return;
+                                       }
+
+                                       ec.EmitInt ((int) Value);
+                                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Newobj, TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_int_arg);
+                                       return;
+                               }
+
+                               if (Value <= long.MaxValue && Value >= long.MinValue) {
+                                       if (TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_long_arg == null) {
+                                               TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_long_arg = TypeManager.GetPredefinedConstructor (
+                                                       TypeManager.decimal_type, loc, TypeManager.int64_type);
+
+                                               if (TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_long_arg == null)
+                                                       return;
+                                       }
+
+                                       ec.EmitLong ((long) Value);
+                                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Newobj, TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_long_arg);
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       ec.EmitInt (words [0]);
+                       ec.EmitInt (words [1]);
+                       ec.EmitInt (words [2]);
+
+                       // sign
+                       ec.EmitInt (words [3] >> 31);
+
+                       // power
+                       ec.EmitInt (power);
+
+                       if (TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_five_args == null) {
+                               TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_five_args = TypeManager.GetPredefinedConstructor (
+                                       TypeManager.decimal_type, loc, TypeManager.int32_type, TypeManager.int32_type,
+                                       TypeManager.int32_type, TypeManager.bool_type, TypeManager.byte_type);
+
+                               if (TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_five_args == null)
+                                       return;
+                       }
+
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Newobj, TypeManager.void_decimal_ctor_five_args);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return Value < 0;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.sbyte_type)
+                               return new SByteConstant ((sbyte)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.byte_type)
+                               return new ByteConstant ((byte)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.short_type)
+                               return new ShortConstant ((short)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.ushort_type)
+                               return new UShortConstant ((ushort)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int32_type)
+                               return new IntConstant ((int)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint32_type)
+                               return new UIntConstant ((uint)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.int64_type)
+                               return new LongConstant ((long)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.uint64_type)
+                               return new ULongConstant ((ulong)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.char_type)
+                               return new CharConstant ((char)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.float_type)
+                               return new FloatConstant ((float)Value, loc);
+                       if (target_type == TypeManager.double_type)
+                               return new DoubleConstant ((double)Value, loc);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       public class StringConstant : Constant {
+               public readonly string Value;
+
+               public StringConstant (string s, Location loc):
+                       base (loc)
+               {
+                       Value = s;
+               }
+
+               // FIXME: Escape the string.
+               override public string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return "\"" + Value + "\"";
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       type = TypeManager.string_type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return Value;
+               }
+               
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       if (Value == null) {
+                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldnull);
+                               return;
+                       }
+
+                       //
+                       // Use string.Empty for both literals and constants even if
+                       // it's not allowed at language level
+                       //
+                       if (Value.Length == 0 && RootContext.Optimize && !TypeManager.IsEqual (ec.CurrentType, TypeManager.string_type)) {
+                               if (TypeManager.string_empty == null)
+                                       TypeManager.string_empty = TypeManager.GetPredefinedField (TypeManager.string_type, "Empty", loc, TypeManager.string_type);
+
+                               if (TypeManager.string_empty != null) {
+                                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldsfld, TypeManager.string_empty);
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldstr, Value);
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       // cast to object
+                       if (type != targetType)
+                               enc.Encode (type);
+
+                       enc.Encode (Value);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get {
+                               return Value == null;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get {
+                               return false;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNull {
+                       get {
+                               return IsDefaultValue;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       return null;
+               }
+       }
+
+       //
+       // Null constant can have its own type, think of `default (Foo)'
+       //
+       public class NullConstant : Constant
+       {
+               public NullConstant (TypeSpec type, Location loc)
+                       : base (loc)
+               {
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       this.type = type;
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return GetSignatureForError ();
+               }
+
+               public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
+               {
+                       if (type == InternalType.Null || type == TypeManager.object_type) {
+                               // Optimized version, also avoids referencing literal internal type
+                               Arguments args = new Arguments (1);
+                               args.Add (new Argument (this));
+                               return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Constant", args);
+                       }
+
+                       return base.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
+               {
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       // Type it as string cast
+                       if (targetType == TypeManager.object_type || targetType == TypeManager.null_type)
+                               enc.Encode (TypeManager.string_type);
+
+                       var ac = targetType as ArrayContainer;
+                       if (ac != null) {
+                               if (ac.Rank != 1)
+                                       base.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, targetType);
+                               else
+                                       enc.Stream.Write (uint.MaxValue);
+                       } else {
+                               enc.Stream.Write (byte.MaxValue);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldnull);
+
+                       // Only to make verifier happy
+                       if (TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (type))
+                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type);
+               }
+
+               public override string ExprClassName {
+                       get {
+                               return GetSignatureForError ();
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override string GetSignatureForError ()
+               {
+                       return "null";
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool inCheckedContext, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       if (targetType.IsPointer) {
+                               if (IsLiteral || this is NullPointer)
+                                       return new EmptyConstantCast (new NullPointer (loc), targetType);
+
+                               return null;
+                       }
+
+                       // Exlude internal compiler types
+                       if (targetType == InternalType.AnonymousMethod)
+                               return null;
+
+                       if (!IsLiteral && !Convert.ImplicitStandardConversionExists (this, targetType))
+                               return null;
+
+                       if (TypeManager.IsReferenceType (targetType))
+                               return new NullConstant (targetType, loc);
+
+                       if (TypeManager.IsNullableType (targetType))
+                               return Nullable.LiftedNull.Create (targetType, loc);
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec targetType)
+               {
+                       return ConvertExplicitly (false, targetType);
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get { return true; }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get { return false; }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNull {
+                       get { return true; }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return true; }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /// <summary>
+       ///   The value is constant, but when emitted has a side effect.  This is
+       ///   used by BitwiseAnd to ensure that the second expression is invoked
+       ///   regardless of the value of the left side.  
+       /// </summary>
+       public class SideEffectConstant : Constant {
+               public Constant value;
+               Expression side_effect;
+               
+               public SideEffectConstant (Constant value, Expression side_effect, Location loc) : base (loc)
+               {
+                       this.value = value;
+                       while (side_effect is SideEffectConstant)
+                               side_effect = ((SideEffectConstant) side_effect).side_effect;
+                       this.side_effect = side_effect;
+               }
+
+               public override string AsString ()
+               {
+                       return value.AsString ();
+               }
+
+               protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
+               {
+                       value = value.Resolve (rc);
+
+                       type = value.Type;
+                       eclass = ExprClass.Value;
+                       return this;
+               }
+
+               public override object GetValue ()
+               {
+                       return value.GetValue ();
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       side_effect.EmitSideEffect (ec);
+                       value.Emit (ec);
+               }
+
+               public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       side_effect.EmitSideEffect (ec);
+                       value.EmitSideEffect (ec);
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsDefaultValue {
+                       get { return value.IsDefaultValue; }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsNegative {
+                       get { return value.IsNegative; }
+               }
+
+               public override bool IsZeroInteger {
+                       get { return value.IsZeroInteger; }
+               }
+
+               public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
+               {
+                       Constant new_value = value.ConvertExplicitly (in_checked_context, target_type);
+                       return new_value == null ? null : new SideEffectConstant (new_value, side_effect, new_value.Location);
+               }
+       }
+}