Merge pull request #601 from knocte/sock_improvements
[mono.git] / mcs / mcs / async.cs
index 3577c64ec16118fda5e263c944e359c4b299ad17..6997d7ca85042729b61b8a0204ee01dc54ae584a 100644 (file)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//
+//
 // async.cs: Asynchronous functions
 //
 // Author:
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 // Dual licensed under the terms of the MIT X11 or GNU GPL
 //
 // Copyright 2011 Novell, Inc.
+// Copyright 2011-2012 Xamarin Inc.
 //
 
 using System;
@@ -15,14 +16,16 @@ using System.Linq;
 using System.Collections;
 
 #if STATIC
+using IKVM.Reflection;
 using IKVM.Reflection.Emit;
 #else
+using System.Reflection;
 using System.Reflection.Emit;
 #endif
 
 namespace Mono.CSharp
 {
-       class Await : ExpressionStatement
+       public class Await : ExpressionStatement
        {
                Expression expr;
                AwaitStatement stmt;
@@ -33,6 +36,18 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        this.loc = loc;
                }
 
+               public Expression Expr {
+                       get {
+                               return expr;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public AwaitStatement Statement {
+                       get {
+                               return stmt;
+                       }
+               }
+
                protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
                {
                        var t = (Await) target;
@@ -52,39 +67,18 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
 
                protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
                {
-                       if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.FinallyScope)) {
-                               rc.Report.Error (1984, loc,
-                                       "The `await' operator cannot be used in the body of a finally clause");
-                       }
-
-                       if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.CatchScope)) {
-                               rc.Report.Error (1985, loc,
-                                       "The `await' operator cannot be used in the body of a catch clause");
-                       }
-
                        if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.LockScope)) {
                                rc.Report.Error (1996, loc,
                                        "The `await' operator cannot be used in the body of a lock statement");
                        }
 
-                       if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.ExpressionTreeConversion)) {
-                               rc.Report.Error (1989, loc, "An expression tree cannot contain an await operator");
-                               return null;
-                       }
-
                        if (rc.IsUnsafe) {
-                               // TODO: New error code
-                               rc.Report.Error (-1900, loc,
+                               rc.Report.Error (4004, loc,
                                        "The `await' operator cannot be used in an unsafe context");
                        }
 
                        var bc = (BlockContext) rc;
 
-                       if (!bc.CurrentBlock.ParametersBlock.IsAsync) {
-                               // TODO: Should check for existence of await type but
-                               // what to do with it
-                       }
-
                        stmt = new AwaitStatement (expr, loc);
                        if (!stmt.Resolve (bc))
                                return null;
@@ -97,7 +91,10 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
                {
                        stmt.EmitPrologue (ec);
-                       stmt.Emit (ec);
+
+                       using (ec.With (BuilderContext.Options.OmitDebugInfo, true)) {
+                               stmt.Emit (ec);
+                       }
                }
                
                public override Expression EmitToField (EmitContext ec)
@@ -117,25 +114,41 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                {
                        stmt.EmitStatement (ec);
                }
+
+               public override object Accept (StructuralVisitor visitor)
+               {
+                       return visitor.Visit (this);
+               }
        }
 
-       class AwaitStatement : YieldStatement<AsyncInitializer>
+       public class AwaitStatement : YieldStatement<AsyncInitializer>
        {
-               sealed class AwaitableMemberAccess : MemberAccess
+               public sealed class AwaitableMemberAccess : MemberAccess
                {
                        public AwaitableMemberAccess (Expression expr)
                                : base (expr, "GetAwaiter")
                        {
                        }
 
+                       public bool ProbingMode { get; set; }
+
                        protected override void Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, string name)
                        {
-                               Error_WrongGetAwaiter (rc, loc, type);
+                               Error_OperatorCannotBeApplied (rc, type);
                        }
 
                        protected override void Error_OperatorCannotBeApplied (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type)
                        {
-                               rc.Report.Error (1991, loc, "Cannot await `{0}' expression", type.GetSignatureForError ());
+                               if (ProbingMode)
+                                       return;
+
+                               var invocation = LeftExpression as Invocation;
+                               if (invocation != null && invocation.MethodGroup != null && (invocation.MethodGroup.BestCandidate.Modifiers & Modifiers.ASYNC) != 0) {
+                                       rc.Report.Error (4008, loc, "Cannot await void method `{0}'. Consider changing method return type to `Task'",
+                                               invocation.GetSignatureForError ());
+                               } else {
+                                       rc.Report.Error (4001, loc, "Cannot await `{0}' expression", type.GetSignatureForError ());
+                               }
                        }
                }
 
@@ -155,10 +168,9 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                }
 
                Field awaiter;
-               PropertyExpr is_completed;
-               MethodSpec on_completed;
-               MethodSpec get_result;
+               AwaiterDefinition awaiter_definition;
                TypeSpec type;
+               TypeSpec result_type;
 
                public AwaitStatement (Expression expr, Location loc)
                        : base (expr, loc)
@@ -167,15 +179,15 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
 
                #region Properties
 
-               public TypeSpec Type {
+               bool IsDynamic {
                        get {
-                               return type;
+                               return awaiter_definition == null;
                        }
                }
 
                public TypeSpec ResultType {
                        get {
-                               return get_result.ReturnType;
+                               return result_type;
                        }
                }
 
@@ -186,7 +198,7 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        GetResultExpression (ec).Emit (ec);
                }
 
-               public Invocation GetResultExpression (EmitContext ec)
+               public Expression GetResultExpression (EmitContext ec)
                {
                        var fe_awaiter = new FieldExpr (awaiter, loc);
                        fe_awaiter.InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (ec.CurrentType, loc);
@@ -194,7 +206,12 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        //
                        // result = awaiter.GetResult ();
                        //
-                       var mg_result = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (get_result, fe_awaiter.Type, loc);
+                       if (IsDynamic) {
+                               var rc = new ResolveContext (ec.MemberContext);
+                               return new Invocation (new MemberAccess (fe_awaiter, "GetResult"), new Arguments (0)).Resolve (rc);
+                       }
+                       
+                       var mg_result = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (awaiter_definition.GetResult, fe_awaiter.Type, loc);
                        mg_result.InstanceExpression = fe_awaiter;
 
                        return new GetResultInvocation (mg_result, new Arguments (0));
@@ -202,23 +219,40 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
 
                public void EmitPrologue (EmitContext ec)
                {
+                       awaiter = ((AsyncTaskStorey) machine_initializer.Storey).AddAwaiter (expr.Type, loc);
+
                        var fe_awaiter = new FieldExpr (awaiter, loc);
                        fe_awaiter.InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (ec.CurrentType, loc);
 
                        //
                        // awaiter = expr.GetAwaiter ();
                        //
-                       fe_awaiter.EmitAssign (ec, expr, false, false);
+                       using (ec.With (BuilderContext.Options.OmitDebugInfo, true)) {
+                               fe_awaiter.EmitAssign (ec, expr, false, false);
+                       }
 
                        Label skip_continuation = ec.DefineLabel ();
 
-                       is_completed.InstanceExpression = fe_awaiter;
-                       is_completed.EmitBranchable (ec, skip_continuation, true);
+                       Expression completed_expr;
+                       if (IsDynamic) {
+                               var rc = new ResolveContext (ec.MemberContext);
 
-                       base.DoEmit (ec);
+                               Arguments dargs = new Arguments (1);
+                               dargs.Add (new Argument (fe_awaiter));
+                               completed_expr = new DynamicMemberBinder ("IsCompleted", dargs, loc).Resolve (rc);
+
+                               dargs = new Arguments (1);
+                               dargs.Add (new Argument (completed_expr));
+                               completed_expr = new DynamicConversion (ec.Module.Compiler.BuiltinTypes.Bool, 0, dargs, loc).Resolve (rc);
+                       } else {
+                               var pe = PropertyExpr.CreatePredefined (awaiter_definition.IsCompleted, loc);
+                               pe.InstanceExpression = fe_awaiter;
+                               completed_expr = pe;
+                       }
+
+                       completed_expr.EmitBranchable (ec, skip_continuation, true);
 
-                       FieldSpec[] stack_fields = null;
-                       TypeSpec[] stack = null;
+                       base.DoEmit (ec);
 
                        //
                        // The stack has to be empty before calling await continuation. We handle this
@@ -231,88 +265,59 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        //
                        ec.AssertEmptyStack ();
 
-                       var mg_completed = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (on_completed, fe_awaiter.Type, loc);
-                       mg_completed.InstanceExpression = fe_awaiter;
-
-                       var args = new Arguments (1);
                        var storey = (AsyncTaskStorey) machine_initializer.Storey;
-                       var fe_cont = new FieldExpr (storey.Continuation, loc);
-                       fe_cont.InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (ec.CurrentType, loc);
-
-                       args.Add (new Argument (fe_cont));
-
-                       //
-                       // awaiter.OnCompleted (continuation);
-                       //
-                       mg_completed.EmitCall (ec, args);
+                       if (IsDynamic) {
+                               storey.EmitAwaitOnCompletedDynamic (ec, fe_awaiter);
+                       } else {
+                               storey.EmitAwaitOnCompleted (ec, fe_awaiter);
+                       }
 
                        // Return ok
                        machine_initializer.EmitLeave (ec, unwind_protect);
 
                        ec.MarkLabel (resume_point);
-
-                       if (stack_fields != null) {
-                               for (int i = 0; i < stack_fields.Length; ++i) {
-                                       ec.EmitThis ();
-
-                                       var field = stack_fields[i];
-
-                                       //
-                                       // We don't store `this' because it can be easily re-created
-                                       //
-                                       if (field == null)
-                                               continue;
-
-                                       if (stack[i] is ReferenceContainer)
-                                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, field);
-                                       else
-                                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldfld, field);
-                               }
-                       }
-
                        ec.MarkLabel (skip_continuation);
                }
 
                public void EmitStatement (EmitContext ec)
                {
                        EmitPrologue (ec);
-                       Emit (ec);
+                       DoEmit (ec);
 
-                       if (ResultType.Kind != MemberKind.Void) {
-                               var storey = (AsyncTaskStorey) machine_initializer.Storey;
+                       awaiter.IsAvailableForReuse = true;
 
-                           if (storey.HoistedReturn != null)
-                               storey.HoistedReturn.EmitAssign (ec);
-                               else
-                                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Pop);
-                       }
-               }
-
-               static void Error_WrongGetAwaiter (ResolveContext rc, Location loc, TypeSpec type)
-               {
-                       rc.Report.Error (1986, loc,
-                               "The `await' operand type `{0}' must have suitable GetAwaiter method",
-                               type.GetSignatureForError ());
+                       if (ResultType.Kind != MemberKind.Void)
+                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Pop);
                }
 
                void Error_WrongAwaiterPattern (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec awaiter)
                {
-                       rc.Report.Error (1999, loc, "The awaiter type `{0}' must have suitable IsCompleted, OnCompleted, and GetResult members",
+                       rc.Report.Error (4011, loc, "The awaiter type `{0}' must have suitable IsCompleted and GetResult members",
                                awaiter.GetSignatureForError ());
                }
 
                public override bool Resolve (BlockContext bc)
                {
+                       if (bc.CurrentBlock is Linq.QueryBlock) {
+                               bc.Report.Error (1995, loc,
+                                       "The `await' operator may only be used in a query expression within the first collection expression of the initial `from' clause or within the collection expression of a `join' clause");
+                               return false;
+                       }
+
                        if (!base.Resolve (bc))
                                return false;
 
                        type = expr.Type;
+                       Arguments args = new Arguments (0);
 
                        //
-                       // The task result is of dynamic type
+                       // The await expression is of dynamic type
                        //
-                       if (expr.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic)
-                               throw new NotImplementedException ("dynamic await");
+                       if (type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic) {
+                               result_type = type;
+                               expr = new Invocation (new MemberAccess (expr, "GetAwaiter"), args).Resolve (bc);
+                               return true;
+                       }
 
                        //
                        // Check whether the expression is awaitable
@@ -321,72 +326,37 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        if (ama == null)
                                return false;
 
-                       Arguments args = new Arguments (0);
-
                        var errors_printer = new SessionReportPrinter ();
                        var old = bc.Report.SetPrinter (errors_printer);
                        ama = new Invocation (ama, args).Resolve (bc);
+                       bc.Report.SetPrinter (old);
 
                        if (errors_printer.ErrorsCount > 0 || !MemberAccess.IsValidDotExpression (ama.Type)) {
-                               bc.Report.SetPrinter (old);
-                               Error_WrongGetAwaiter (bc, loc, expr.Type);
+                               bc.Report.Error (1986, expr.Location,
+                                       "The `await' operand type `{0}' must have suitable GetAwaiter method",
+                                       expr.Type.GetSignatureForError ());
+
                                return false;
                        }
 
                        var awaiter_type = ama.Type;
-                       awaiter = ((AsyncTaskStorey) machine_initializer.Storey).AddAwaiter (awaiter_type, loc);
-                       expr = ama;
-
-                       //
-                       // Predefined: bool IsCompleted { get; } 
-                       //
-                       var is_completed_ma = new MemberAccess (expr, "IsCompleted").Resolve (bc);
-                       if (is_completed_ma != null) {
-                               is_completed = is_completed_ma as PropertyExpr;
-                               if (is_completed != null && is_completed.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Bool && is_completed.IsInstance && is_completed.Getter != null) {
-                                       // valid
-                               } else {
-                                       bc.Report.SetPrinter (old);
-                                       Error_WrongAwaiterPattern (bc, awaiter_type);
-                                       return false;
-                               }
-                       }
 
-                       bc.Report.SetPrinter (old);
+                       awaiter_definition = bc.Module.GetAwaiter (awaiter_type);
 
-                       if (errors_printer.ErrorsCount > 0) {
+                       if (!awaiter_definition.IsValidPattern) {
                                Error_WrongAwaiterPattern (bc, awaiter_type);
                                return false;
                        }
 
-                       //
-                       // Predefined: OnCompleted (Action)
-                       //
-                       if (bc.Module.PredefinedTypes.Action.Define ()) {
-                               on_completed = MemberCache.FindMember (awaiter_type, MemberFilter.Method ("OnCompleted", 0,
-                                       ParametersCompiled.CreateFullyResolved (bc.Module.PredefinedTypes.Action.TypeSpec), bc.Module.Compiler.BuiltinTypes.Void),
-                                       BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly) as MethodSpec;
-
-                               if (on_completed == null) {
-                                       Error_WrongAwaiterPattern (bc, awaiter_type);
-                                       return false;
-                               }
-                       }
-
-                       //
-                       // Predefined: GetResult ()
-                       //
-                       // The method return type is also result type of await expression
-                       //
-                       get_result = MemberCache.FindMember (awaiter_type, MemberFilter.Method ("GetResult", 0,
-                               ParametersCompiled.EmptyReadOnlyParameters, null),
-                               BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly) as MethodSpec;
-
-                       if (get_result == null) {
-                               Error_WrongAwaiterPattern (bc, awaiter_type);
+                       if (!awaiter_definition.INotifyCompletion) {
+                               bc.Report.Error (4027, loc, "The awaiter type `{0}' must implement interface `{1}'",
+                                       awaiter_type.GetSignatureForError (), bc.Module.PredefinedTypes.INotifyCompletion.GetSignatureForError ());
                                return false;
                        }
 
+                       expr = ama;
+                       result_type = awaiter_definition.GetResult.ReturnType;
+
                        return true;
                }
        }
@@ -395,7 +365,7 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
        {
                TypeInferenceContext return_inference;
 
-               public AsyncInitializer (ParametersBlock block, TypeContainer host, TypeSpec returnType)
+               public AsyncInitializer (ParametersBlock block, TypeDefinition host, TypeSpec returnType)
                        : base (block, host, returnType)
                {
                }
@@ -408,15 +378,13 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        }
                }
 
-               public override bool IsIterator {
-                       get {
-                               return false;
-                       }
+               public TypeSpec DelegateType {
+                       get; set;
                }
 
-               public Block OriginalBlock {
+               public override bool IsIterator {
                        get {
-                               return block.Parent;
+                               return false;
                        }
                }
 
@@ -428,45 +396,6 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
 
                #endregion
 
-               public static void Create (IMemberContext context, ParametersBlock block, ParametersCompiled parameters, TypeContainer host, TypeSpec returnType, Location loc)
-               {
-                       if (returnType != null && returnType.Kind != MemberKind.Void &&
-                               returnType != host.Module.PredefinedTypes.Task.TypeSpec &&
-                               !returnType.IsGenericTask) {
-                               host.Compiler.Report.Error (1983, loc, "The return type of an async method must be void, Task, or Task<T>");
-                       }
-
-                       for (int i = 0; i < parameters.Count; i++) {
-                               Parameter p = parameters[i];
-                               Parameter.Modifier mod = p.ModFlags;
-                               if ((mod & Parameter.Modifier.ISBYREF) != 0) {
-                                       host.Compiler.Report.Error (1988, p.Location,
-                                               "Async methods cannot have ref or out parameters");
-                                       return;
-                               }
-
-                               // TODO:
-                               if (p is ArglistParameter) {
-                                       host.Compiler.Report.Error (1636, p.Location,
-                                               "__arglist is not allowed in parameter list of iterators");
-                                       return;
-                               }
-
-                               // TODO:
-                               if (parameters.Types[i].IsPointer) {
-                                       host.Compiler.Report.Error (1637, p.Location,
-                                               "Iterators cannot have unsafe parameters or yield types");
-                                       return;
-                               }
-                       }
-
-                       // TODO: Warning
-                       //if (!block.HasAwait) {
-                       //}
-
-                       block.WrapIntoAsyncTask (context, host, returnType);
-               }
-
                protected override BlockContext CreateBlockContext (ResolveContext rc)
                {
                        var ctx = base.CreateBlockContext (rc);
@@ -474,6 +403,7 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        if (lambda != null)
                                return_inference = lambda.ReturnTypeInference;
 
+                       ctx.StartFlowBranching (this, rc.CurrentBranching);
                        return ctx;
                }
 
@@ -496,107 +426,35 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                public override void EmitStatement (EmitContext ec)
                {
                        var storey = (AsyncTaskStorey) Storey;
-                       storey.Instance.Emit (ec);
-
-                       var move_next_entry = storey.StateMachineMethod.Spec;
-                       if (storey.MemberName.Arity > 0) {
-                               move_next_entry = MemberCache.GetMember (storey.Instance.Type, move_next_entry);
-                       }
-
-                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Call, move_next_entry);
-
-                       //
-                       // Emits return <async-storey-instance>.$builder.Task;
-                       //
-                       if (storey.Task != null) {
-                               var builder_field = storey.Builder.Spec;
-                               var task_get = storey.Task.Get;
-
-                               if (storey.MemberName.Arity > 0) {
-                                       builder_field = MemberCache.GetMember (storey.Instance.Type, builder_field);
-                                       task_get = MemberCache.GetMember (builder_field.MemberType, task_get);
-                               }
-
-                               var pe_task = new PropertyExpr (storey.Task, loc) {
-                                       InstanceExpression = new FieldExpr (builder_field, loc) {
-                                               InstanceExpression = storey.Instance
-                                       },
-                                       Getter = task_get
-                               };
-
-                               pe_task.Emit (ec);
-                       }
-
+                       storey.EmitInitializer (ec);
                        ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ret);
                }
        }
 
        class AsyncTaskStorey : StateMachine
        {
-               sealed class ParametersLoadStatement : Statement
-               {
-                       readonly FieldSpec[] fields;
-                       readonly TypeSpec[] parametersTypes;
-                       readonly int thisParameterIndex;
-
-                       public ParametersLoadStatement (FieldSpec[] fields, TypeSpec[] parametersTypes, int thisParameterIndex)
-                       {
-                               this.fields = fields;
-                               this.parametersTypes = parametersTypes;
-                               this.thisParameterIndex = thisParameterIndex;
-                       }
-
-                       protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Statement target)
-                       {
-                               throw new NotImplementedException ();
-                       }
-
-                       protected override void DoEmit (EmitContext ec)
-                       {
-                               for (int i = 0; i < fields.Length; ++i) {
-                                       var field = fields[i];
-                                       if (field == null)
-                                               continue;
-
-                                       ec.EmitArgumentLoad (thisParameterIndex);
-                                       ec.EmitArgumentLoad (i);
-                                       if (parametersTypes[i] is ReferenceContainer)
-                                               ec.EmitLoadFromPtr (field.MemberType);
-
-                                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stfld, field);
-                               }
-                       }
-               }
-
                int awaiters;
-               Field builder, continuation;
+               Field builder;
                readonly TypeSpec return_type;
                MethodSpec set_result;
                MethodSpec set_exception;
+               MethodSpec builder_factory;
+               MethodSpec builder_start;
                PropertySpec task;
                LocalVariable hoisted_return;
                int locals_captured;
+               Dictionary<TypeSpec, List<Field>> stack_fields;
+               Dictionary<TypeSpec, List<Field>> awaiter_fields;
 
-               public AsyncTaskStorey (IMemberContext context, AsyncInitializer initializer, TypeSpec type)
-                       : base (initializer.OriginalBlock, initializer.Host,context.CurrentMemberDefinition as MemberBase, context.CurrentTypeParameters, "async")
+               public AsyncTaskStorey (ParametersBlock block, IMemberContext context, AsyncInitializer initializer, TypeSpec type)
+                       : base (block, initializer.Host, context.CurrentMemberDefinition as MemberBase, context.CurrentTypeParameters, "async", MemberKind.Struct)
                {
                        return_type = type;
+                       awaiter_fields = new Dictionary<TypeSpec, List<Field>> ();
                }
 
                #region Properties
 
-               public Field Builder {
-                       get {
-                               return builder;
-                       }
-               }
-
-               public Field Continuation {
-                       get {
-                               return continuation;
-                       }
-               }
-
                public LocalVariable HoistedReturn {
                        get {
                                return hoisted_return;
@@ -615,11 +473,39 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        }
                }
 
+               protected override TypeAttributes TypeAttr {
+                       get {
+                               return base.TypeAttr & ~TypeAttributes.SequentialLayout;
+                       }
+               }
+
                #endregion
 
                public Field AddAwaiter (TypeSpec type, Location loc)
                {
-                       return AddCompilerGeneratedField ("$awaiter" + awaiters++.ToString ("X"), new TypeExpression (type, loc));
+                       if (mutator != null)
+                               type = mutator.Mutate (type);
+
+                       List<Field> existing_fields = null;
+                       if (awaiter_fields.TryGetValue (type, out existing_fields)) {
+                               foreach (var f in existing_fields) {
+                                       if (f.IsAvailableForReuse) {
+                                               f.IsAvailableForReuse = false;
+                                               return f;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       var field = AddCompilerGeneratedField ("$awaiter" + awaiters++.ToString ("X"), new TypeExpression (type, Location), true);
+                       field.Define ();
+
+                       if (existing_fields == null) {
+                               existing_fields = new List<Field> ();
+                               awaiter_fields.Add (type, existing_fields);
+                       }
+
+                       existing_fields.Add (field);
+                       return field;
                }
 
                public Field AddCapturedLocalVariable (TypeSpec type)
@@ -627,53 +513,85 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        if (mutator != null)
                                type = mutator.Mutate (type);
 
-                       var field = AddCompilerGeneratedField ("<s>$" + locals_captured++.ToString ("X"), new TypeExpression (type, Location));
+                       List<Field> existing_fields = null;
+                       if (stack_fields == null) {
+                               stack_fields = new Dictionary<TypeSpec, List<Field>> ();
+                       } else if (stack_fields.TryGetValue (type, out existing_fields)) {
+                               foreach (var f in existing_fields) {
+                                       if (f.IsAvailableForReuse) {
+                                               f.IsAvailableForReuse = false;
+                                               return f;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       var field = AddCompilerGeneratedField ("$stack" + locals_captured++.ToString ("X"), new TypeExpression (type, Location), true);
                        field.Define ();
 
+                       if (existing_fields == null) {
+                               existing_fields = new List<Field> ();
+                               stack_fields.Add (type, existing_fields);
+                       }
+
+                       existing_fields.Add (field);
+
                        return field;
                }
 
                protected override bool DoDefineMembers ()
                {
-                       var action = Module.PredefinedTypes.Action.Resolve ();
-                       if (action != null) {
-                               continuation = AddCompilerGeneratedField ("$continuation", new TypeExpression (action, Location));
-                               continuation.ModFlags |= Modifiers.READONLY;
-                       }
-
                        PredefinedType builder_type;
                        PredefinedMember<MethodSpec> bf;
+                       PredefinedMember<MethodSpec> bs;
                        PredefinedMember<MethodSpec> sr;
                        PredefinedMember<MethodSpec> se;
+                       PredefinedMember<MethodSpec> sm;
                        bool has_task_return_type = false;
                        var pred_members = Module.PredefinedMembers;
 
                        if (return_type.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
                                builder_type = Module.PredefinedTypes.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder;
                                bf = pred_members.AsyncVoidMethodBuilderCreate;
+                               bs = pred_members.AsyncVoidMethodBuilderStart;
                                sr = pred_members.AsyncVoidMethodBuilderSetResult;
                                se = pred_members.AsyncVoidMethodBuilderSetException;
+                               sm = pred_members.AsyncVoidMethodBuilderSetStateMachine;
                        } else if (return_type == Module.PredefinedTypes.Task.TypeSpec) {
                                builder_type = Module.PredefinedTypes.AsyncTaskMethodBuilder;
                                bf = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderCreate;
+                               bs = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderStart;
                                sr = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderSetResult;
                                se = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderSetException;
-                               task = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderTask.Resolve (Location);
+                               sm = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderSetStateMachine;
+                               task = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderTask.Get ();
                        } else {
                                builder_type = Module.PredefinedTypes.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGeneric;
                                bf = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericCreate;
+                               bs = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericStart;
                                sr = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericSetResult;
                                se = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericSetException;
-                               task = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericTask.Resolve (Location);
+                               sm = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericSetStateMachine;
+                               task = pred_members.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericTask.Get ();
                                has_task_return_type = true;
                        }
 
-                       set_result = sr.Resolve (Location);
-                       set_exception = se.Resolve (Location);
-                       var builder_factory = bf.Resolve (Location);
-                       var bt = builder_type.Resolve ();
-                       if (bt == null || set_result == null || builder_factory == null || set_exception == null)
-                               return false;
+                       set_result = sr.Get ();
+                       set_exception = se.Get ();
+                       builder_factory = bf.Get ();
+                       builder_start = bs.Get ();
+
+                       var istate_machine = Module.PredefinedTypes.IAsyncStateMachine;
+                       var set_statemachine = sm.Get ();
+
+                       if (!builder_type.Define () || !istate_machine.Define () || set_result == null || builder_factory == null ||
+                               set_exception == null || set_statemachine == null || builder_start == null ||
+                               !Module.PredefinedTypes.INotifyCompletion.Define ()) {
+                               Report.Error (1993, Location,
+                                       "Cannot find compiler required types for asynchronous functions support. Are you targeting the wrong framework version?");
+                               return base.DoDefineMembers ();
+                       }
+
+                       var bt = builder_type.TypeSpec;
 
                        //
                        // Inflate generic Task types
@@ -684,60 +602,215 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                                        task_return_type = mutator.Mutate (task_return_type);
 
                                bt = bt.MakeGenericType (Module, task_return_type);
-                               builder_factory = MemberCache.GetMember<MethodSpec> (bt, builder_factory);
-                               set_result = MemberCache.GetMember<MethodSpec> (bt, set_result);
-                               set_exception = MemberCache.GetMember<MethodSpec> (bt, set_exception);
+                               set_result = MemberCache.GetMember (bt, set_result);
+                               set_exception = MemberCache.GetMember (bt, set_exception);
+                               set_statemachine = MemberCache.GetMember (bt, set_statemachine);
 
                                if (task != null)
-                                       task = MemberCache.GetMember<PropertySpec> (bt, task);
+                                       task = MemberCache.GetMember (bt, task);
                        }
 
                        builder = AddCompilerGeneratedField ("$builder", new TypeExpression (bt, Location));
-                       builder.ModFlags |= Modifiers.READONLY;
+
+                       var set_state_machine = new Method (this, new TypeExpression (Compiler.BuiltinTypes.Void, Location),
+                               Modifiers.COMPILER_GENERATED | Modifiers.DEBUGGER_HIDDEN | Modifiers.PUBLIC,
+                               new MemberName ("SetStateMachine"),
+                               ParametersCompiled.CreateFullyResolved (
+                                       new Parameter (new TypeExpression (istate_machine.TypeSpec, Location), "stateMachine", Parameter.Modifier.NONE, null, Location),
+                                       istate_machine.TypeSpec),
+                               null);
+
+                       ToplevelBlock block = new ToplevelBlock (Compiler, set_state_machine.ParameterInfo, Location);
+                       block.IsCompilerGenerated = true;
+                       set_state_machine.Block = block;
+
+                       Members.Add (set_state_machine);
 
                        if (!base.DoDefineMembers ())
                                return false;
 
-                       MethodGroupExpr mg;
-                       var block = instance_constructors[0].Block;
-
                        //
-                       // Initialize continuation with state machine method
+                       // Fabricates SetStateMachine method
+                       //
+                       // public void SetStateMachine (IAsyncStateMachine stateMachine)
+                       // {
+                       //    $builder.SetStateMachine (stateMachine);
+                       // }
                        //
-                       if (continuation != null) {
-                               var args = new Arguments (1);
-                               mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (StateMachineMethod.Spec, spec, Location);
-                               args.Add (new Argument (mg));
+                       var mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (set_statemachine, bt, Location);
+                       mg.InstanceExpression = new FieldExpr (builder, Location);
 
-                               block.AddStatement (
-                                       new StatementExpression (new SimpleAssign (
-                                               new FieldExpr (continuation, Location),
-                                               new NewDelegate (action, args, Location),
-                                               Location
-                               )));
-                       }
+                       var param_reference = block.GetParameterReference (0, Location);
+                       param_reference.Type = istate_machine.TypeSpec;
+                       param_reference.eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
 
-                       mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (builder_factory, bt, Location);
-                       block.AddStatement (
-                               new StatementExpression (new SimpleAssign (
-                               new FieldExpr (builder, Location),
-                               new Invocation (mg, new Arguments (0)),
-                               Location)));
+                       var args = new Arguments (1);
+                       args.Add (new Argument (param_reference));
+                       set_state_machine.Block.AddStatement (new StatementExpression (new Invocation (mg, args)));
 
                        if (has_task_return_type) {
-                               hoisted_return = LocalVariable.CreateCompilerGenerated (bt.TypeArguments[0], block, Location);
+                               hoisted_return = LocalVariable.CreateCompilerGenerated (bt.TypeArguments[0], StateMachineMethod.Block, Location);
                        }
 
                        return true;
                }
 
+               public void EmitAwaitOnCompletedDynamic (EmitContext ec, FieldExpr awaiter)
+               {
+                       var critical = Module.PredefinedTypes.ICriticalNotifyCompletion;
+                       if (!critical.Define ()) {
+                               throw new NotImplementedException ();
+                       }
+
+                       var temp_critical = new LocalTemporary (critical.TypeSpec);
+                       var label_critical = ec.DefineLabel ();
+                       var label_end = ec.DefineLabel ();
+
+                       //
+                       // Special path for dynamic awaiters
+                       //
+                       // var awaiter = this.$awaiter as ICriticalNotifyCompletion;
+                       // if (awaiter == null) {
+                       //    var completion = (INotifyCompletion) this.$awaiter;
+                       //    this.$builder.AwaitOnCompleted (ref completion, ref this);
+                       // } else {
+                       //    this.$builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted (ref awaiter, ref this);
+                       // }
+                       //
+                       awaiter.Emit (ec);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Isinst, critical.TypeSpec);
+                       temp_critical.Store (ec);
+                       temp_critical.Emit (ec);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Brtrue_S, label_critical);
+
+                       var temp = new LocalTemporary (Module.PredefinedTypes.INotifyCompletion.TypeSpec);
+                       awaiter.Emit (ec);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Castclass, temp.Type);
+                       temp.Store (ec);
+                       EmitOnCompleted (ec, temp, false);
+                       temp.Release (ec);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Br_S, label_end);
+
+                       ec.MarkLabel (label_critical);
+
+                       EmitOnCompleted (ec, temp_critical, true);
+
+                       ec.MarkLabel (label_end);
+
+                       temp_critical.Release (ec);
+               }
+
+               public void EmitAwaitOnCompleted (EmitContext ec, FieldExpr awaiter)
+               {
+                       bool unsafe_version = false;
+                       if (Module.PredefinedTypes.ICriticalNotifyCompletion.Define ()) {
+                               unsafe_version = awaiter.Type.ImplementsInterface (Module.PredefinedTypes.ICriticalNotifyCompletion.TypeSpec, false);
+                       }
+
+                       EmitOnCompleted (ec, awaiter, unsafe_version);
+               }
+
+               void EmitOnCompleted (EmitContext ec, Expression awaiter, bool unsafeVersion)
+               {
+                       var pm = Module.PredefinedMembers;
+                       PredefinedMember<MethodSpec> predefined;
+                       bool has_task_return_type = false;
+                       if (return_type.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
+                               predefined = unsafeVersion ? pm.AsyncVoidMethodBuilderOnCompletedUnsafe : pm.AsyncVoidMethodBuilderOnCompleted;
+                       } else if (return_type == Module.PredefinedTypes.Task.TypeSpec) {
+                               predefined = unsafeVersion ? pm.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderOnCompletedUnsafe : pm.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderOnCompleted;
+                       } else {
+                               predefined = unsafeVersion ? pm.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericOnCompletedUnsafe : pm.AsyncTaskMethodBuilderGenericOnCompleted;
+                               has_task_return_type = true;
+                       }
+
+                       var on_completed = predefined.Resolve (Location);
+                       if (on_completed == null)
+                               return;
+
+                       if (has_task_return_type)
+                               on_completed = MemberCache.GetMember<MethodSpec> (set_result.DeclaringType, on_completed);
+
+                       on_completed = on_completed.MakeGenericMethod (this, awaiter.Type, ec.CurrentType);
+
+                       var mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (on_completed, on_completed.DeclaringType, Location);
+                       mg.InstanceExpression = new FieldExpr (builder, Location) {
+                               InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (ec.CurrentType, Location)
+                       };
+
+                       var args = new Arguments (2);
+                       args.Add (new Argument (awaiter, Argument.AType.Ref));
+                       args.Add (new Argument (new CompilerGeneratedThis (CurrentType, Location), Argument.AType.Ref));
+                       mg.EmitCall (ec, args);
+               }
+
+               public void EmitInitializer (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       //
+                       // Some predefined types are missing
+                       //
+                       if (builder == null)
+                               return;
+
+                       var instance = (TemporaryVariableReference) Instance;
+                       var builder_field = builder.Spec;
+                       if (MemberName.Arity > 0) {
+                               builder_field = MemberCache.GetMember (instance.Type, builder_field);
+                       }
+
+                       //
+                       // Inflated factory method when task is of generic type
+                       //
+                       if (builder_factory.DeclaringType.IsGeneric) {
+                               var task_return_type = return_type.TypeArguments;
+                               var bt = builder_factory.DeclaringType.MakeGenericType (Module, task_return_type);
+                               builder_factory = MemberCache.GetMember (bt, builder_factory);
+                               builder_start = MemberCache.GetMember (bt, builder_start);
+                       }
+
+                       //
+                       // stateMachine.$builder = AsyncTaskMethodBuilder<{task-type}>.Create();
+                       //
+                       instance.AddressOf (ec, AddressOp.Store);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Call, builder_factory);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stfld, builder_field);
+
+                       //
+                       // stateMachine.$builder.Start<{storey-type}>(ref stateMachine);
+                       //
+                       instance.AddressOf (ec, AddressOp.Store);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, builder_field);
+                       if (Task != null)
+                               ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
+                       instance.AddressOf (ec, AddressOp.Store);
+                       ec.Emit (OpCodes.Call, builder_start.MakeGenericMethod (Module, instance.Type));
+
+                       //
+                       // Emits return stateMachine.$builder.Task;
+                       //
+                       if (Task != null) {
+                               var task_get = Task.Get;
+
+                               if (MemberName.Arity > 0) {
+                                       task_get = MemberCache.GetMember (builder_field.MemberType, task_get);
+                               }
+
+                               var pe_task = new PropertyExpr (Task, Location) {
+                                       InstanceExpression = EmptyExpression.Null,      // Comes from the dup above
+                                       Getter = task_get
+                               };
+
+                               pe_task.Emit (ec);
+                       }
+               }
+
                public void EmitSetException (EmitContext ec, LocalVariableReference exceptionVariable)
                {
                        //
                        // $builder.SetException (Exception)
                        //
                        var mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (set_exception, set_exception.DeclaringType, Location);
-                       mg.InstanceExpression = new FieldExpr (Builder, Location) {
+                       mg.InstanceExpression = new FieldExpr (builder, Location) {
                                InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (ec.CurrentType, Location)
                        };
 
@@ -754,7 +827,7 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
                        // $builder.SetResult<return-type> (value);
                        //
                        var mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (set_result, set_result.DeclaringType, Location);
-                       mg.InstanceExpression = new FieldExpr (Builder, Location) {
+                       mg.InstanceExpression = new FieldExpr (builder, Location) {
                                InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (ec.CurrentType, Location)
                        };
 
@@ -768,5 +841,57 @@ namespace Mono.CSharp
 
                        mg.EmitCall (ec, args);
                }
+
+               protected override TypeSpec[] ResolveBaseTypes (out FullNamedExpression base_class)
+               {
+                       base_type = Compiler.BuiltinTypes.ValueType;
+                       base_class = null;
+
+                       var istate_machine = Module.PredefinedTypes.IAsyncStateMachine;
+                       if (istate_machine.Define ()) {
+                               return new[] { istate_machine.TypeSpec };
+                       }
+
+                       return null;
+               }
+       }
+
+       class StackFieldExpr : FieldExpr, IExpressionCleanup
+       {
+               public StackFieldExpr (Field field)
+                       : base (field, Location.Null)
+               {
+               }
+
+               public override void AddressOf (EmitContext ec, AddressOp mode)
+               {
+                       base.AddressOf (ec, mode);
+
+                       if (mode == AddressOp.Load) {
+                               var field = (Field) spec.MemberDefinition;
+                               field.IsAvailableForReuse = true;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       base.Emit (ec);
+
+                       var field = (Field) spec.MemberDefinition;
+                       field.IsAvailableForReuse = true;
+
+                       //
+                       // Release any captured reference type stack variables
+                       // to imitate real stack behavour and help GC stuff early
+                       //
+                       if (TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (type)) {
+                               ec.AddStatementEpilog (this);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               void IExpressionCleanup.EmitCleanup (EmitContext ec)
+               {
+                       EmitAssign (ec, new NullConstant (type, loc), false, false);
+               }
        }
 }