2009-03-28 Jb Evain <jbevain@novell.com>
[mono.git] / mcs / class / System.Core / System.Linq / Enumerable.cs
index 3cad6b08da7707553e4fc8e4dcfd0993157b6580..d2c98d0a1954f16a877a18c2c856d759747d2563 100644 (file)
@@ -40,6 +40,19 @@ namespace System.Linq
 {
        public static class Enumerable
        {
+               enum Fallback {
+                       Default,
+                       Throw
+               }
+
+               class PredicateOf<T> {
+                       public static readonly Func<T, bool> Always = (t) => true;
+               }
+
+               class Function<T> {
+                       public static readonly Func<T, T> Identity = (t) => t;
+               }
+
                #region Aggregate
 
                public static TSource Aggregate<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TSource, TSource> func)
@@ -77,8 +90,8 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (resultSelector == null)
                                throw new ArgumentNullException ("resultSelector");
 
-                       TAccumulate result = seed;
-                       foreach (TSource e in source)
+                       var result = seed;
+                       foreach (var e in source)
                                result = func (result, e);
 
                        return resultSelector (result);
@@ -92,7 +105,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-                       foreach (TSource element in source)
+                       foreach (var element in source)
                                if (!predicate (element))
                                        return false;
 
@@ -107,6 +120,10 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
+                       var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+                       if (collection != null)
+                               return collection.Count > 0;
+
                        using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
                                return enumerator.MoveNext ();
                }
@@ -137,35 +154,39 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                public static double Average (this IEnumerable<int> source)
                {
-                       return Average (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
+                       return Average<int, long, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
                }
 
                public static double Average (this IEnumerable<long> source)
                {
-                       return Average (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
+                       return Average<long, long, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
                }
 
                public static double Average (this IEnumerable<double> source)
                {
-                       return Average (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
+                       return Average<double, double, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
 
                public static float Average (this IEnumerable<float> source)
                {
-                       return Average (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
+                       return Average<float, double, float> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
                }
 
                public static decimal Average (this IEnumerable<decimal> source)
                {
-                       return Average (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
+                       return Average<decimal, decimal, decimal> (source, (a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
 
-               static TR Average<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, Func<TA, TA, TA> func, Func<TA, int, TR> result)
+               static TResult Average<TElement, TAggregate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TElement> source,
+                       Func<TAggregate, TElement, TAggregate> func, Func<TAggregate, long, TResult> result)
+                       where TElement : struct
+                       where TAggregate : struct
+                       where TResult : struct
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       TA total = default (TA);
-                       int counter = 0;
+                       var total = default (TAggregate);
+                       long counter = 0;
                        foreach (var element in source) {
                                total = func (total, element);
                                ++counter;
@@ -177,269 +198,135 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        return result (total, counter);
                }
 
-               public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+               static TResult? AverageNullable<TElement, TAggregate, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TElement?> source,
+                       Func<TAggregate, TElement, TAggregate> func, Func<TAggregate, long, TResult> result)
+                       where TElement : struct
+                       where TAggregate : struct
+                       where TResult : struct
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       long sum = 0;
+                       var total = default (TAggregate);
                        long counter = 0;
-                       foreach (int? element in source) {
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
+                       foreach (var element in source) {
+                               if (!element.HasValue)
+                                       continue;
+
+                               total = func (total, element.Value);
+                               counter++;
                        }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
+
+                       if (counter == 0)
+                               return null;
+
+                       return new TResult? (result (total, counter));
+               }
+
+               public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
+               {
+                       Check.Source (source);
+
+                       return source.AverageNullable<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
                }
 
                public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       long sum = 0;
-                       long counter = 0;
-                       foreach (long? element in source) {
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
+                       return source.AverageNullable<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / b);
                }
 
                public static double? Average (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       double sum = 0;
-                       double counter = 0;
-                       foreach (double? element in source) {
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) (sum / counter));
+                       return source.AverageNullable<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
 
                public static decimal? Average (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       decimal sum = 0;
-                       decimal counter = 0;
-                       foreach (decimal? element in source) {
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (decimal?) (sum / counter));
+                       return source.AverageNullable<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
 
                public static float? Average (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       float sum = 0;
-                       float counter = 0;
-                       foreach (float? element in source) {
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       ++counter;
-                               }
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               return null;
-
-                       return sum / counter;
+                       return source.AverageNullable<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
                }
 
                public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       long sum = 0;
-                       long counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               sum += selector (item);
-                               counter++;
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                       else
-                               return (double) sum / (double) counter;
+                       return source.Select (selector).Average<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
                }
 
                public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       long sum = 0;
-                       long counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               int? element = selector (item);
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
+                       return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<int, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
                }
 
                public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       long sum = 0;
-                       long counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               sum += selector (item);
-                               counter++;
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                       else
-                               return (double) sum / (double) counter;
+                       return source.Select (selector).Average<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
                }
 
                public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       long sum = 0;
-                       long counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               long? element = selector (item);
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) sum / (double?) counter);
+                       return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<long, long, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (double) a / (double) b);
                }
 
                public static double Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       double sum = 0;
-                       double counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               sum += selector (item);
-                               counter++;
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                       else
-                               return sum / counter;
+                       return source.Select (selector).Average<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
 
                public static double? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       double sum = 0;
-                       double counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               double? element = selector (item);
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (double?) (sum / counter));
+                       return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<double, double, double> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
 
                public static float Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       float sum = 0;
-                       float counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               sum += selector (item);
-                               ++counter;
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-
-                       return sum / counter;
+                       return source.Select (selector).Average<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
                }
 
                public static float? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       float sum = 0;
-                       float counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               float? value = selector (item);
-                               if (value.HasValue) {
-                                       sum  += value.Value;
-                                       ++counter;
-                               }
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-
-                       return sum / counter;
+                       return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<float, double, float> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => (float) a / (float) b);
                }
 
                public static decimal Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       decimal sum = 0;
-                       decimal counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               sum += selector (item);
-                               counter++;
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                       else
-                               return sum / counter;
+                       return source.Select (selector).Average<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
 
                public static decimal? Average<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       bool onlyNull = true;
-                       decimal sum = 0;
-                       decimal counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource item in source) {
-                               decimal? element = selector (item);
-                               if (element.HasValue) {
-                                       onlyNull = false;
-                                       sum += element.Value;
-                                       counter++;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       return (onlyNull ? null : (decimal?) (sum / counter));
+                       return source.Select (selector).AverageNullable<decimal, decimal, decimal> ((a, b) => a + b, (a, b) => a / b);
                }
+
                #endregion
 
                #region Cast
@@ -453,8 +340,8 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateCastIterator<TResult> (IEnumerable source)
                {
-                       foreach (object element in source)
-                               yield return (TResult) element;
+                       foreach (TResult element in source)
+                               yield return element;
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -496,10 +383,9 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (comparer == null)
                                comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
 
-                       foreach (TSource e in source) {
-                               if (comparer.Equals (e, value))
+                       foreach (var element in source)
+                               if (comparer.Equals (element, value))
                                        return true;
-                       }
 
                        return false;
                }
@@ -597,9 +483,25 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                #region ElementAt
 
+               static TSource ElementAt<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index, Fallback fallback)
+               {
+                       long counter = 0L;
+
+                       foreach (var element in source) {
+                               if (index == counter++)
+                                       return element;
+                       }
+
+                       if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
+                               throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
+
+                       return default (TSource);
+               }
+
                public static TSource ElementAt<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
+
                        if (index < 0)
                                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
 
@@ -607,14 +509,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (list != null)
                                return list [index];
 
-                       int counter = 0;
-                       foreach (var element in source) {
-                               if (counter == index)
-                                       return element;
-                               counter++;
-                       }
-
-                       throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ();
+                       return source.ElementAt (index, Fallback.Throw);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -624,6 +519,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                public static TSource ElementAtOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, int index)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
+
                        if (index < 0)
                                return default (TSource);
 
@@ -631,14 +527,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (list != null)
                                return index < list.Count ? list [index] : default (TSource);
 
-                       int counter = 0;
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (counter == index)
-                                       return element;
-                               counter++;
-                       }
-
-                       return default (TSource);
+                       return source.ElementAt (index, Fallback.Default);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -671,9 +560,9 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateExceptIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer)
                {
-                       var items = new HashSet<TSource> (Distinct (second));
-                       foreach (TSource element in first) {
-                               if (! items.Contains (element, comparer))
+                       var items = new HashSet<TSource> (second, comparer);
+                       foreach (var element in first) {
+                               if (!items.Contains (element, comparer))
                                        yield return element;
                        }
                }
@@ -682,27 +571,43 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                #region First
 
+               static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
+               {
+                       foreach (var element in source)
+                               if (predicate (element))
+                                       return element;
+
+                       if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
+                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+                       return default (TSource);
+               }
+
                public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       foreach (TSource element in source)
-                               return element;
+                       var list = source as IList<TSource>;
+                       if (list != null) {
+                               if (list.Count != 0)
+                                       return list [0];
+
+                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+                       } else {
+                               using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ()) {
+                                       if (enumerator.MoveNext ())
+                                               return enumerator.Current;
+                               }
+                       }
 
                        throw new InvalidOperationException ();
                }
 
-
                public static TSource First<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (predicate (element))
-                                       return element;
-                       }
-
-                       throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+                       return source.First (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -713,23 +618,14 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       foreach (TSource element in source)
-                               return element;
-
-                       return default (TSource);
+                       return source.First (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
                }
 
-
                public static TSource FirstOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (predicate (element))
-                                       return element;
-                       }
-
-                       return default (TSource);
+                       return source.First (predicate, Fallback.Default);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -747,7 +643,6 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        return null;
                }
 
-
                public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
                        Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
                {
@@ -759,6 +654,12 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
 
+                       return CreateGroupByIterator (source, keySelector, comparer);
+               }
+
+               static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TSource>> CreateGroupByIterator<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+                       Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+               {
                        Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> groups = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> ();
                        List<TSource> nullList = new List<TSource> ();
                        int counter = 0;
@@ -796,7 +697,6 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        }
                }
 
-
                public static IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
                        Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector)
                {
@@ -853,13 +753,16 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        return GroupBy (source, keySelector, elementSelector, resultSelector, null);
                }
 
-               [MonoTODO]
                public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
                        Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, Func<TSource, TElement> elementSelector,
                        Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TElement>, TResult> resultSelector,
                        IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
                {
-                       throw new NotImplementedException ();
+                       IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>> groups = GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TElement> (
+                               source, keySelector, elementSelector, comparer);
+
+                       foreach (IGrouping<TKey, TElement> group in groups)
+                               yield return resultSelector (group.Key, group);
                }
 
                public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
@@ -869,13 +772,15 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        return GroupBy (source, keySelector, resultSelector, null);
                }
 
-               [MonoTODO]
                public static IEnumerable<TResult> GroupBy<TSource, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
                        Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector,
                        Func<TKey, IEnumerable<TSource>, TResult> resultSelector,
                        IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
                {
-                       throw new NotImplementedException ();
+                       IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey,TSource>> groups = GroupBy<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer);
+
+                       foreach (IGrouping<TKey, TSource> group in groups)
+                               yield return resultSelector (group.Key, group);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -899,6 +804,14 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (comparer == null)
                                comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
 
+                       return CreateGroupJoinIterator (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, comparer);
+               }
+
+               static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateGroupJoinIterator<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
+                       IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
+                       Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, IEnumerable<TInner>, TResult> resultSelector,
+                       IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+               {
                        ILookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
                        /*Dictionary<K, List<U>> innerKeys = new Dictionary<K, List<U>> ();
                        foreach (U element in inner)
@@ -941,7 +854,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        var items = new HashSet<TSource> (second, comparer);
                        foreach (TSource element in first) {
-                               if (items.Contains (element))
+                               if (items.Remove (element))
                                        yield return element;
                        }
                }
@@ -959,6 +872,13 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (comparer == null)
                                comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
 
+                       return CreateJoinIterator (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, comparer);
+               }
+
+               static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateJoinIterator<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TOuter> outer,
+                       IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
+                       Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
+               {
                        ILookup<TKey, TInner> innerKeys = ToLookup<TInner, TKey> (inner, innerKeySelector, comparer);
                        /*Dictionary<K, List<U>> innerKeys = new Dictionary<K, List<U>> ();
                        foreach (U element in inner)
@@ -982,48 +902,55 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        IEnumerable<TInner> inner, Func<TOuter, TKey> outerKeySelector,
                        Func<TInner, TKey> innerKeySelector, Func<TOuter, TInner, TResult> resultSelector)
                {
-                       return Join<TOuter, TInner, TKey, TResult> (outer, inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, null);
+                       return outer.Join (inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector, resultSelector, null);
                }
 
-               # endregion
+               #endregion
 
                #region Last
 
-               public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+               static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
                {
-                       Check.Source (source);
+                       var empty = true;
+                       var item = default (TSource);
 
-                       bool noElements = true;
-                       TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (noElements) noElements = false;
-                               lastElement = element;
+                       foreach (var element in source) {
+                               if (!predicate (element))
+                                       continue;
+
+                               item = element;
+                               empty = false;
                        }
 
-                       if (!noElements)
-                               return lastElement;
-                       else
+                       if (!empty)
+                               return item;
+
+                       if (fallback == Fallback.Throw)
                                throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+                       return item;
                }
 
-               public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-                               Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+               public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
                {
-                       Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
-
-                       bool noElements = true;
-                       TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (predicate (element)) {
-                                       if (noElements) noElements = false;
-                                       lastElement = element;
-                               }
-                       }
+                       Check.Source (source);
 
-                       if (!noElements)
-                               return lastElement;
-                       else
+                       var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+                       if (collection != null && collection.Count == 0)
                                throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+                       var list = source as IList<TSource>;
+                       if (list != null)
+                               return list [list.Count - 1];
+
+                       return source.Last (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Throw);
+               }
+
+               public static TSource Last<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+               {
+                       Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
+
+                       return source.Last (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -1038,34 +965,30 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (list != null)
                                return list.Count > 0 ? list [list.Count - 1] : default (TSource);
 
-                       TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source)
-                               lastElement = element;
-
-                       return lastElement;
+                       return source.Last (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
                }
 
-               public static TSource LastOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-                       Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+               public static TSource LastOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-                       TSource lastElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (predicate (element))
-                                       lastElement = element;
-                       }
-
-                       return lastElement;
+                       return source.Last (predicate, Fallback.Default);
                }
 
                #endregion
 
                #region LongCount
+
                public static long LongCount<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
+#if !NET_2_1
+                       var array = source as TSource [];
+                       if (array != null)
+                               return array.LongLength;
+#endif
+
                        long counter = 0;
                        using (var enumerator = source.GetEnumerator ())
                                while (enumerator.MoveNext ())
@@ -1129,51 +1052,78 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, int.MinValue, (a, b) => a > b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
                }
 
                public static long? Max (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, long.MinValue, (a, b) => a > b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
                }
 
                public static double? Max (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, double.MinValue, (a, b) => a > b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
                }
 
                public static float? Max (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, float.MinValue, (a, b) => a > b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
                }
 
                public static decimal? Max (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, decimal.MinValue, (a, b) => a > b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Max (a, b));
                }
 
-               static T? IterateNullable<T> (IEnumerable<T?> source, T initValue, Func<T?, T?, bool> selector) where T : struct
+               static T? IterateNullable<T> (IEnumerable<T?> source, Func<T, T, T> selector) where T : struct
                {
-                       int counter = 0;
-                       T? value = initValue;
+                       bool empty = true;
+                       T? value = null;
                        foreach (var element in source) {
                                if (!element.HasValue)
                                        continue;
 
-                               if (selector (element.Value, value))
-                                       value = element;
-                               ++counter;
+                               if (!value.HasValue)
+                                       value = element.Value;
+                               else
+                                       value = selector (element.Value, value.Value);
+
+                               empty = false;
                        }
 
-                       if (counter == 0)
+                       if (empty)
+                               return null;
+
+                       return value;
+               }
+
+               static TRet? IterateNullable<TSource, TRet> (
+                       IEnumerable<TSource> source,
+                       Func<TSource, TRet?> source_selector,
+                       Func<TRet?, TRet?, bool> selector) where TRet : struct
+               {
+                       bool empty = true;
+                       TRet? value = null;
+                       foreach (var element in source) {
+                               TRet? item = source_selector (element);
+
+                               if (!value.HasValue)
+                                       value = item;
+                               else if (selector (item, value))
+                                       value = item;
+
+                               empty = false;
+                       }
+
+                       if (empty)
                                return null;
 
                        return value;
@@ -1248,79 +1198,51 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                static U Iterate<T, U> (IEnumerable<T> source, U initValue, Func<T, U, U> selector)
                {
-                       int counter = 0;
+                       bool empty = true;
                        foreach (var element in source) {
                                initValue = selector (element, initValue);
-                               ++counter;
+                               empty = false;
                        }
 
-                       if (counter == 0)
+                       if (empty)
                                throw new InvalidOperationException ();
 
                        return initValue;
                }
 
-               static U? IterateNullable<T, U> (IEnumerable<T> source, U initialValue, Func<T, U?, U?> selector) where U : struct
-               {
-                       int counter = 0;
-                       U? value = initialValue;
-                       foreach (var element in source) {
-                               value = selector (element, value);
-                               if (!value.HasValue)
-                                       continue;
-
-                               ++counter;
-                       }
-
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               return null;
-
-                       return value;
-               }
-
                public static int? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, int.MinValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v > b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
                }
 
                public static long? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, long.MinValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v > b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
                }
 
                public static double? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, double.MinValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v > b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
                }
 
                public static float? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, float.MinValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v > b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
                }
 
                public static decimal? Max<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, decimal.MinValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v > b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a > b);
                }
 
                public static TResult Max<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
@@ -1399,35 +1321,35 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, int.MaxValue, (a, b) => a < b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
                }
 
                public static long? Min (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, long.MaxValue, (a, b) => a < b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
                }
 
                public static double? Min (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, double.MaxValue, (a, b) => a < b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
                }
 
                public static float? Min (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, float.MaxValue, (a, b) => a < b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
                }
 
                public static decimal? Min (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, decimal.MaxValue, (a, b) => a < b);
+                       return IterateNullable (source, (a, b) => Math.Min (a, b));
                }
 
                public static TSource Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
@@ -1501,45 +1423,35 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, int.MaxValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v < b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
                }
 
                public static long? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, long.MaxValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v < b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
                }
 
                public static float? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, float.MaxValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v < b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
                }
 
                public static double? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, double.MaxValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v < b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
                }
 
                public static decimal? Min<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return IterateNullable (source, decimal.MaxValue, (a, b) => {
-                               var v = selector (a); return v < b ? v : b;
-                       });
+                       return IterateNullable (source, selector, (a, b) => a < b);
                }
 
                public static TResult Min<TSource, TResult> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
@@ -1609,8 +1521,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
 
-                       return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (
-                                       source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Ascending);
+                       return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Ascending);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -1628,8 +1539,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
 
-                       return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (
-                                       source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Descending);
+                       return new OrderedSequence<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, comparer, SortDirection.Descending);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -1675,21 +1585,23 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                #endregion
 
-
                #region Reverse
 
                public static IEnumerable<TSource> Reverse<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return CreateReverseIterator (source);
+                       var list = source as IList<TSource>;
+                       if (list == null)
+                               list = new List<TSource> (source);
+
+                       return CreateReverseIterator (list);
                }
 
-               static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateReverseIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+               static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateReverseIterator<TSource> (IList<TSource> source)
                {
-                       var list = new List<TSource> (source);
-                       list.Reverse ();
-                       return list;
+                       for (int i = source.Count; i > 0; --i)
+                               yield return source [i - 1];
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -1705,7 +1617,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                static IEnumerable<TResult> CreateSelectIterator<TSource, TResult> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector)
                {
-                       foreach (TSource element in source)
+                       foreach (var element in source)
                                yield return selector (element);
                }
 
@@ -1797,44 +1709,40 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                #region Single
 
-               public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+               static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate, Fallback fallback)
                {
-                       Check.Source (source);
+                       var found = false;
+                       var item = default (TSource);
 
-                       bool otherElement = false;
-                       TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                               if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-                               singleElement = element;
+                       foreach (var element in source) {
+                               if (!predicate (element))
+                                       continue;
+
+                               if (found)
+                                       throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+                               found = true;
+                               item = element;
                        }
 
-                       if (otherElement)
-                               return singleElement;
-                       else
+                       if (!found && fallback == Fallback.Throw)
                                throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+                       return item;
                }
 
+               public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
+               {
+                       Check.Source (source);
+
+                       return source.Single (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Throw);
+               }
 
-               public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-                               Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+               public static TSource Single<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-                       bool otherElement = false;
-                       TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (predicate (element)) {
-                                       if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                                       if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-                                       singleElement = element;
-                               }
-                       }
-
-                       if (otherElement)
-                               return singleElement;
-                       else
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+                       return source.Single (predicate, Fallback.Throw);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -1845,34 +1753,14 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       bool otherElement = false;
-                       TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                               if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-                               singleElement = element;
-                       }
-
-                       return singleElement;
+                       return source.Single (PredicateOf<TSource>.Always, Fallback.Default);
                }
 
-
-               public static TSource SingleOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
-                               Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
+               public static TSource SingleOrDefault<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndPredicate (source, predicate);
 
-                       bool otherElement = false;
-                       TSource singleElement = default (TSource);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (predicate (element)) {
-                                       if (otherElement) throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-                                       if (!otherElement) otherElement = true;
-                                       singleElement = element;
-                               }
-                       }
-
-                       return singleElement;
+                       return source.Single (predicate, Fallback.Default);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -1955,30 +1843,30 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return Sum<int, int> (source, (a, b) => a + b);
+                       return Sum<int, int> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
                }
 
                public static int? Sum (this IEnumerable<int?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return SumNullable<int?, int?> (source, (a, b) => a.HasValue ? a + b : a);
+                       return source.SumNullable<int?, int?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
                }
 
                public static int Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return Sum<TSource, int> (source, (a, b) => a + selector (b));
+                       return Sum<TSource, int> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
                }
 
                public static int? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, int?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return SumNullable<TSource, int?> (source, (a, b) => {
+                       return source.SumNullable<TSource, int?> (0, (a, b) => {
                                var value = selector (b);
-                               return value.HasValue ? a + value.Value : a;
+                               return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
                        });
                }
 
@@ -1986,30 +1874,30 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return Sum<long, long> (source, (a, b) => a + b);
+                       return Sum<long, long> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
                }
 
                public static long? Sum (this IEnumerable<long?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return SumNullable<long?, long?> (source, (a, b) => a.HasValue ? a + b : a);
+                       return source.SumNullable<long?, long?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
                }
 
                public static long Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return Sum<TSource, long> (source, (a, b) => a + selector (b));
+                       return Sum<TSource, long> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
                }
 
                public static long? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, long?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return SumNullable<TSource, long?> (source, (a, b) => {
+                       return source.SumNullable<TSource, long?> (0, (a, b) => {
                                var value = selector (b);
-                               return value.HasValue ? a + value.Value : a;
+                               return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
                        });
                }
 
@@ -2017,30 +1905,30 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return Sum<double, double> (source, (a, b) => a + b);
+                       return Sum<double, double> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
                }
 
                public static double? Sum (this IEnumerable<double?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return SumNullable<double?, double?> (source, (a, b) => a.HasValue ? a + b : a);
+                       return source.SumNullable<double?, double?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
                }
 
                public static double Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return Sum<TSource, double> (source, (a, b) => a + selector (b));
+                       return Sum<TSource, double> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
                }
 
                public static double? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, double?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return SumNullable<TSource, double?> (source, (a, b) => {
+                       return source.SumNullable<TSource, double?> (0, (a, b) => {
                                var value = selector (b);
-                               return value.HasValue ? a + value.Value : a;
+                               return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
                        });
                }
 
@@ -2048,30 +1936,30 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return Sum<float, float> (source, (a, b) => a + b);
+                       return Sum<float, float> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
                }
 
                public static float? Sum (this IEnumerable<float?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return SumNullable<float?, float?> (source, (a, b) => a.HasValue ? a + b : a);
+                       return source.SumNullable<float?, float?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
                }
 
                public static float Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return Sum<TSource, float> (source, (a, b) => a + selector (b));
+                       return Sum<TSource, float> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
                }
 
                public static float? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, float?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return SumNullable<TSource, float?> (source, (a, b) => {
+                       return source.SumNullable<TSource, float?> (0, (a, b) => {
                                var value = selector (b);
-                               return value.HasValue ? a + value.Value : a;
+                               return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
                        });
                }
 
@@ -2079,51 +1967,48 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return Sum<decimal, decimal> (source, (a, b) => a + b);
+                       return Sum<decimal, decimal> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + b));
                }
 
                public static decimal? Sum (this IEnumerable<decimal?> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       return SumNullable<decimal?, decimal?> (source, (a, b) => a.HasValue ? a + b : a);
+                       return source.SumNullable<decimal?, decimal?> (0, (total, element) => element.HasValue ? checked (total + element) : total);
                }
 
                public static decimal Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return Sum<TSource, decimal> (source, (a, b) => a + selector (b));
+                       return Sum<TSource, decimal> (source, (a, b) => checked (a + selector (b)));
                }
 
                public static decimal? Sum<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, decimal?> selector)
                {
                        Check.SourceAndSelector (source, selector);
 
-                       return SumNullable<TSource, decimal?> (source, (a, b) => {
+                       return source.SumNullable<TSource, decimal?> (0, (a, b) => {
                                var value = selector (b);
-                               return value.HasValue ? a + value.Value : a;
+                               return value.HasValue ? checked (a + value.Value) : a;
                        });
                }
 
                static TR Sum<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, Func<TR, TA, TR> selector)
                {
                        TR total = default (TR);
-                       int counter = 0;
+                       long counter = 0;
                        foreach (var element in source) {
                                total = selector (total, element);
                                ++counter;
                        }
 
-                       if (counter == 0)
-                               throw new InvalidOperationException ();
-
                        return total;
                }
 
-               static TR SumNullable<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, Func<TR, TA, TR> selector)
+               static TR SumNullable<TA, TR> (this IEnumerable<TA> source, TR zero, Func<TR, TA, TR> selector)
                {
-                       TR total = default (TR);
+                       TR total = zero;
                        foreach (var element in source) {
                                total = selector (total, element);
                        }
@@ -2149,10 +2034,10 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                        int counter = 0;
                        foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               if (counter++ == count)
-                                       yield break;
-
                                yield return element;
+
+                               if (++counter == count)
+                                       yield break;
                        }
                }
 
@@ -2169,7 +2054,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                static IEnumerable<TSource> CreateTakeWhileIterator<TSource> (IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
                {
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
+                       foreach (var element in source) {
                                if (!predicate (element))
                                        yield break;
 
@@ -2234,12 +2119,19 @@ namespace System.Linq
                #endregion
 
                #region ToArray
+
                public static TSource [] ToArray<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
                {
                        Check.Source (source);
 
-                       List<TSource> list = new List<TSource> (source);
-                       return list.ToArray ();
+                       var collection = source as ICollection<TSource>;
+                       if (collection != null) {
+                               var array = new TSource [collection.Count];
+                               collection.CopyTo (array, 0);
+                               return array;
+                       }
+
+                       return new List<TSource> (source).ToArray ();
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -2275,16 +2167,7 @@ namespace System.Linq
                public static Dictionary<TKey, TSource> ToDictionary<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
                                Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
                {
-                       Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
-
-                       if (comparer == null)
-                               comparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
-
-                       var dict = new Dictionary<TKey, TSource> (comparer);
-                       foreach (var e in source)
-                               dict.Add (keySelector (e), e);
-
-                       return dict;
+                       return ToDictionary<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, Function<TSource>.Identity, comparer);
                }
 
                #endregion
@@ -2302,24 +2185,13 @@ namespace System.Linq
 
                public static ILookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector)
                {
-                       return ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (source, keySelector, null);
+                       return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, Function<TSource>.Identity, null);
                }
 
                public static ILookup<TKey, TSource> ToLookup<TSource, TKey> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
                        Func<TSource, TKey> keySelector, IEqualityComparer<TKey> comparer)
                {
-                       Check.SourceAndKeySelector (source, keySelector);
-
-                       var dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TSource>> (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               TKey key = keySelector (element);
-                               if (key == null)
-                                       throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-                               if (!dictionary.ContainsKey (key))
-                                       dictionary.Add (key, new List<TSource> ());
-                               dictionary [key].Add (element);
-                       }
-                       return new Lookup<TKey, TSource> (dictionary);
+                       return ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TSource> (source, keySelector, element => element, comparer);
                }
 
                public static ILookup<TKey, TElement> ToLookup<TSource, TKey, TElement> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
@@ -2333,15 +2205,21 @@ namespace System.Linq
                {
                        Check.SourceAndKeyElementSelectors (source, keySelector, elementSelector);
 
-                       Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
-                       foreach (TSource element in source) {
-                               TKey key = keySelector (element);
+                       var dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, List<TElement>> (comparer ?? EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default);
+                       foreach (var element in source) {
+                               var key = keySelector (element);
                                if (key == null)
-                                       throw new ArgumentNullException ();
-                               if (!dictionary.ContainsKey (key))
-                                       dictionary.Add (key, new List<TElement> ());
-                               dictionary [key].Add (elementSelector (element));
+                                       throw new ArgumentNullException ("key");
+
+                               List<TElement> list;
+                               if (!dictionary.TryGetValue (key, out list)) {
+                                       list = new List<TElement> ();
+                                       dictionary.Add (key, list);
+                               }
+
+                               list.Add (elementSelector (element));
                        }
+
                        return new Lookup<TKey, TElement> (dictionary);
                }
 
@@ -2361,18 +2239,19 @@ namespace System.Linq
                        if (comparer == null)
                                comparer = EqualityComparer<TSource>.Default;
 
-                       var first_enumerator = first.GetEnumerator ();
-                       var second_enumerator = second.GetEnumerator ();
+                       using (IEnumerator<TSource> first_enumerator = first.GetEnumerator (),
+                               second_enumerator = second.GetEnumerator ()) {
 
-                       while (first_enumerator.MoveNext ()) {
-                               if (!second_enumerator.MoveNext ())
-                                       return false;
+                               while (first_enumerator.MoveNext ()) {
+                                       if (!second_enumerator.MoveNext ())
+                                               return false;
 
-                               if (!comparer.Equals (first_enumerator.Current, second_enumerator.Current))
-                                       return false;
-                       }
+                                       if (!comparer.Equals (first_enumerator.Current, second_enumerator.Current))
+                                               return false;
+                               }
 
-                       return !second_enumerator.MoveNext ();
+                               return !second_enumerator.MoveNext ();
+                       }
                }
 
                #endregion