.\"
.\" mono manual page.
.\" (C) 2003 Ximian, Inc.
+.\" (C) 2004-2005 Novell, Inc.
.\" Author:
.\" Miguel de Icaza (miguel@gnu.org)
.\"
specified in the MONO_CONFIG environment variable, if set. See the
mono-config(5) man page for details on the format of this file.
.TP
+.I "--desktop"
+Configures the virtual machine to be better suited for desktop
+applications. Currently this sets the GC system to avoid expanding
+the heap as much as possible at the expense of slowing down garbage
+collection a bit.
+.TP
.I "--help", "-h"
Displays usage instructions.
.TP
-O=all,-deadce,-inline
.fi
.TP
+.I "--security"
+Activate the security manager (experimental feature in 1.1). This allows
+mono to support declarative security attributes (e.g. execution of, CAS
+or non-CAS, security demands). The security manager is OFF by default
+(experimental).
+.TP
+.I "--server"
+Configures the virtual machine to be better suited for server
+operations.
+.TP
.I "-V", "--version"
Prints JIT version information.
information for stack traces.
.TP
.I "--profile[=profiler[:profiler_args]]"
-Instructs the runtime to collect profiling information about execution
-times and memory allocation, and dump it at the end of the execution.
-If a profiler is not specified, the default profiler is used.
-.Sp
-Mono has a built-in profiler called `default' (and is also the default
-if no arguments are specified), but developers can write custom
-profilers as shared libraries. The shared library must be called
-`mono-profiler-NAME.so' where `NAME' is the name of your profiler.
-.Sp
-For a sample of the custom profilers look in the Mono source tree for
-in the samples/profiler.c.
-.Sp
-The
-.I profiler_args
-is a profiler-specific string of options for the profiler itself.
+Turns on profiling. For more information about profiling applications
+and code coverage see the sections "PROFILING" and "CODE COVERAGE"
+below.
+.TP
+.I "--trace[=expression]"
+Shows method names as they are invoked. By default all methods are
+traced.
.Sp
-The default profiler is called `default' and it accepts `alloc' to
-profile memory consumption by the application; `time' to profile the
-time spent on each routine and `stat' to perform sample statistical
-profiling. If no options are provided the default is `alloc,time'.
+The trace can be customized to include or exclude methods, classes or
+assemblies. A trace expression is a comma separated list of targets,
+each target can be prefixed with a minus sign to turn off a particular
+target. The words `program' and `all' have special meaning.
+`program' refers to the main program being executed, and `all' means
+all the method calls.
.Sp
-For example:
+Assemblies are specified by their name, for example, to trace all
+calls in the System assembly, use:
.nf
- mono --profile program.exe
+
+ mono --trace=System app.exe
+
.fi
-.Sp
-That will run the program with the default profiler and will do time
-and allocation profiling.
-.Sp
+Classes are specified with the T: prefix. For example, to trace all
+calls to the System.String class, use:
.nf
- mono --profile=default:stat,alloc program.exe
+
+ mono --trace=T:System.String app.exe
+
.fi
-Will do sample statistical profiling and allocation profiling on
-program.exe.
-.TP
+And individual methods are referenced with the M: prefix, and the
+standar method notation:
.nf
- mono --profile=custom program.exe
+
+ mono --trace=M:System.Console:WriteLine app.exe
+
+.fi
+As previously noted, various rules can be specified at once:
+.nf
+
+ mono --trace=T:System.String,T:System.Random app.exe
+
+.fi
+You can exclude pieces, the next example traces calls to
+System.String except for the System.String:Concat method.
+.nf
+
+ mono --trace=T:System.String,-M:System.String:Concat
+
+.fi
+Finally, namespaces can be specified using the N: prefix:
+.nf
+
+ mono --trace=N:System.Xml
+
.fi
-.Sp
-In the above sample Mono will load the user defined profiler from the
-shared library `mono-profiler-custom.so'.
.SH JIT MAINTAINER OPTIONS
The maintainer options are only used by those developing the runtime
itself, and not typically of interest to runtime users or developers.
.TP
+.I "--break method"
+Inserts a breakpoint before the method whose name is `method'
+(namespace.class:methodname). Use `Main' as method name to insert a
+breakpoint on the application's main method.
+.TP
+.I "--breakonex"
+Inserts a breakpoint on exceptions. This allows you to debug your
+application with a native debugger when an exception is thrown.
+.TP
.I "--compile name"
This compiles a method (namespace.name:methodname), this is used for
testing the compiler performance or to examine the output of the code
Instruct the runtime on the number of times that the method specified
by --compile (or all the methods if --compileall is used) to be
compiled. This is used for testing the code generator performance.
+.TP
+.I "--stats"
+Displays information about the work done by the runtime during the
+execution of an application.
+.TP
+.I "--wapi=hps|semdel"
+Perform maintenance of the process shared data.
+.Sp
+semdel will delete the global semaphore.
+.Sp
+hps will list the currently used handles.
.TP
.I "-v", "--verbose"
Increases the verbosity level, each time it is listed, increases the
verbosity level to include more information (including, for example,
a disassembly of the native code produced, code selector info etc.).
-.TP
-.I "--break method"
-Inserts a breakpoint before the method whose name is `method'
-(namespace.class:methodname). Use `Main' as method name to insert a
-breakpoint on the application's main method.
-.TP
-.I "--breakonex"
-Inserts a breakpoint on exceptions. This allows you to debug your
-application with a native debugger when an exception is thrown.
-.TP
-.I "--trace[=expression]"
-Shows method names as they are invoked. By default all methods are
-traced.
+.SH PROFILING
+The mono runtime includes a profiler that can be used to explore
+various performance related problems in your application. The
+profiler is activated by passing the --profile command line argument
+to the Mono runtime, the format is:
+.nf
+
+ --profile[=profiler[:profiler_args]]
+
+.fi
+Mono has a built-in profiler called 'default' (and is also the default
+if no arguments are specified), but developers can write custom
+profilers, see the section "CUSTOM PROFILERS" for more details.
+.PP
+If a
+.I profiler
+is not specified, the default profiler is used.
.Sp
-The trace can be customized to include or exclude methods, classes or
-assemblies. A trace expression is a comma separated list of targets,
-each target can be prefixed with a minus sign to turn off a particular
-target. The words `program' and `all' have special meaning.
-`program' refers to the main program being executed, and `all' means
-all the method calls.
+The
+.I profiler_args
+is a profiler-specific string of options for the profiler itself.
.Sp
-Assemblies are specified by their name, for example, to trace all
-calls in the System assembly, use:
+The default profiler accepts the following options 'alloc' to profile
+memory consumption by the application; 'time' to profile the time
+spent on each routine; 'jit' to collect time spent JIT-compiling methods
+and 'stat' to perform sample statistical profiling.
+If no options are provided the default is 'alloc,time,jit'.
+.PP
+By default the
+profile data is printed to stdout: to change this, use the 'file=filename'
+option to output the data to filename.
+.Sp
+For example:
.nf
- mono --trace=System app.exe
+ mono --profile program.exe
.fi
-Classes are specified with the T: prefix. For example, to trace all
-calls to the System.String class, use:
+.Sp
+That will run the program with the default profiler and will do time
+and allocation profiling.
+.Sp
.nf
- mono --trace=T:System.String app.exe
+ mono --profile=default:stat,alloc,file=prof.out program.exe
.fi
-And individual methods are referenced with the M: prefix, and the
-standar method notation:
+Will do sample statistical profiling and allocation profiling on
+program.exe. The profile data is put in prof.out.
+.Sp
+Note that the statistical profiler has a very low overhead and should
+be the preferred profiler to use (for better output use the full path
+to the mono binary when running and make sure you have installed the
+addr2line utility that comes from the binutils package).
+.SH PROFILERS
+There are a number of external profilers that have been developed for
+Mono, we will update this section to contain the profilers.
+.PP
+The Live Type profiler shows at every GC iteration all of the live
+objects of a given type. To install you must download the profiler
+from Mono's SVN:
+.nf
+ svn co svn://svn.myrealbox.com/source/trunk/heap-prof
+ cd heap-prof
+ ./autogen
+ make
+ make install
+.fi
+.PP
+To use the profiler, execute:
+.nf
+ mono --profile=desc-heap program.exe
+.fi
+.PP
+The output of this profiler looks like this:
+.nf
+ Checkpoint at 102 for heap-resize
+ System.MonoType : 708
+ System.Threading.Thread : 352
+ System.String : 3230
+ System.String[] : 104
+ Gnome.ModuleInfo : 112
+ System.Object[] : 160
+ System.Collections.Hashtable : 96
+ System.Int32[] : 212
+ System.Collections.Hashtable+Slot[] : 296
+ System.Globalization.CultureInfo : 108
+ System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo : 144
+.fi
+.PP
+The first line describes the iteration number for the GC, in this case
+checkpoint 102.
+.PP
+Then on each line the type is displayed as well as the number of bytes
+that are being consumed by live instances of this object.
+.SH CUSTOM PROFILERS
+Mono provides a mechanism for loading other profiling modules which in
+the form of shared libraries. These profiling modules can hook up to
+various parts of the Mono runtime to gather information about the code
+being executed.
+.PP
+To use a third party profiler you must pass the name of the profiler
+to Mono, like this:
.nf
- mono --trace=M:System.Console:WriteLine app.exe
+ mono --profile=custom program.exe
.fi
-As previously noted, various rules can be specified at once:
+.PP
+In the above sample Mono will load the user defined profiler from the
+shared library `mono-profiler-custom.so'. This profiler module must
+be on your dynamic linker library path.
+.PP
+A list of other third party profilers is available from Mono's web
+site (www.mono-project.com/Performance_Tips)
+.PP
+Custom profiles are written as shared libraries. The shared library
+must be called `mono-profiler-NAME.so' where `NAME' is the name of
+your profiler.
+.PP
+For a sample of how to write your own custom profiler look in the
+Mono source tree for in the samples/profiler.c.
+.SH CODE COVERAGE
+Mono ships with a code coverage module. This module is activated by
+using the Mono --profile=cov option. The format is:
+.I "--profile=cov[:assembly-name[/namespace]] test-suite.exe"
+.PP
+By default code coverage will default to all the assemblies loaded,
+you can limit this by specifying the assembly name, for example to
+perform code coverage in the routines of your program use, for example
+the following command line limits the code coverage to routines in the
+"demo" assembly:
.nf
- mono --trace=T:System.String,T:System.Random app.exe
+ mono --profile=cov:demo demo.exe
.fi
-You can exclude pieces, the next example traces calls to
-System.String except for the System.String:Concat method.
+.PP
+Notice that the
+.I assembly-name
+does not include the extension.
+.PP
+You can further restrict the code coverage output by specifying a
+namespace:
.nf
- mono --trace=T:System.String,-M:System.String:Concat
+ mono --profile=cov:demo/My.Utilities demo.exe
.fi
-Finally, namespaces can be specified using the N: prefix:
+.PP
+Which will only perform code coverage in the given assembly and
+namespace.
+.PP
+Typical output looks like this:
.nf
- mono --trace=N:System.Xml
+ Not covered: Class:.ctor ()
+ Not covered: Class:A ()
+ Not covered: Driver:.ctor ()
+ Not covered: Driver:method ()
+ Partial coverage: Driver:Main ()
+ offset 0x000a
.fi
+.PP
+The offsets displayed are IL offsets.
.SH DEBUGGING
+It is possible to obtain a stack trace of all the active threads in
+Mono by sending the QUIT signal to Mono, you can do this from the
+command line, like this:
+.nf
+ kill -QUIT pid
+.fi
+Where pid is the Process ID of the Mono process you want to examine.
+The process will continue running afterwards.
.PP
You can use the MONO_LOG_LEVEL and MONO_LOG_MASK environment variables
to get verbose debugging output about the execution of your
.PP
The following is a common use to track down problems with P/Invoke:
.nf
+
$ MONO_LOG_LEVEL="debug" MONO_LOG_MASK="dll" mono glue.exe
+
.fi
.PP
.SH SERIALIZATION
You can control this with the MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_THS environment
variable.
.PP
-The possible values are `no' to disable the use of a C# customized
+The possible values are
+.B `no'
+to disable the use of a C# customized
serializer, or an integer that is the minimum number of uses before
the runtime will produce a custom serializer (0 will produce a
custom serializer on the first access, 50 will produce a serializer on
-the 50th use).
+the 50th use). Mono will fallback to an interpreted serializer if the
+serializer generation somehow fails. This behavior can be disabled
+by setting the option
+.B `nofallback'
+(for example: MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_THS=0,nofallback).
.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
.TP
.I "GC_DONT_GC"
assemblies on demand and store the result into a cache in
~/.mono/aot-cache.
.TP
-.I "MONO_ASPNET_NODELETE"
-If set to any value, temporary source files generated by ASP.NET support
-classes will not be removed. They will be kept in the user's temporary
-directory.
-.TP
.I "MONO_CFG_DIR"
If set, this variable overrides the default system configuration directory
($PREFIX/etc). It's used to locate machine.config file.
.TP
.I "MONO_DEBUG"
If set, enables some features of the runtime useful for debugging.
-It makes the runtime display the stack traces for all the threads
-running and exit when mono is interrupted (Ctrl-C) and print some
-additional messages on error conditions. It may not exit cleanly. Use at
-your own risk.
+This variable should contain a comma separated list of debugging options.
+Currently, the following options are supported:
+.RS
+.ne 8
+.TP
+.I "collect-pagefault-stats"
+Collects information about pagefaults. This is used internally to
+track the number of page faults produced to load metadata. To display
+this information you must use this option with "--stats" command line option.
+.TP
+.I "handle-sigint"
+Captures the interrupt signal (Control-C) and displays a stack trace
+when pressed. Useful to find out where the program is executing at a
+given point. This only displays the stack trace of a single thread.
+.TP
+.I "keep-delegates"
+This option will leak delegate trampolines that are no longer
+referenced as to present the user with more information about a
+delegate missuse. Basically a delegate instance might be created,
+passed to unmanaged code, and no references kept in managed code,
+which will garbage collect the code. With this option it is possible
+to track down the source of the problems.
+.ne
+.RE
.TP
.I "MONO_DISABLE_AIO"
If set, tells mono NOT to attempt using native asynchronous I/O services. In
-that case, the threadpool is used for asynchronous I/O on files and sockets.
+that case, a default select/poll implementation is used. Currently only epoll()
+is supported.
.TP
-.I "MONO_DISABLE_SHM"
-If this variable is set, it disables the shared memory part of the
-Windows I/O Emulation layer, and handles (files, events, mutexes,
-pipes) will not be shared across processes. Process creation is also
-disabled. This option is only available on Unix.
+.I "MONO_DISABLE_MANAGED_COLLATION"
+If this environment variable is `yes', the runtime uses unmanaged
+collation (which actually means no culture-sensitive collation). It
+internally disables managed collation functionality invoked via the
+members of System.Globalization.CompareInfo class. Collation is
+enabled by default.
.TP
.I "MONO_EGD_SOCKET"
For platforms that do not otherwise have a way of obtaining random bytes
conversion ending the search. When writing external text (e.g. new
filenames or arguments to new processes) the first item in this list
is used, or UTF-8 if the environment variable is not set.
+.IP
+The problem with using MONO_EXTERNAL_ENCODINGS to process your
+files is that it results in a problem: although its possible to get
+the right file name it is not necessarily possible to open the file.
+In general if you have problems with encodings in your filenames you
+should use the "convmv" program.
.TP
.I "MONO_GAC_PREFIX"
Provides a prefix the runtime uses to look for Global Assembly Caches.
install. Or to the directory provided in the gacutil /gacdir command. Example:
.B /home/username/.mono:/usr/local/mono/
.TP
+.I "MONO_MANAGED_WATCHER"
+If set to any value, System.IO.FileSystemWatcher will use the default
+managed implementation (slow). If unset, mono will try to use FAM under
+Unix systems and native API calls on Windows, falling back to the
+managed implementation on error.
+.TP
+.I "MONO_PATH"
+Provides a search path to the runtime where to look for library files.
+Directories are separated by the platform path separator (colons on unix). Example:
+.B /home/username/lib:/usr/local/mono/lib
+.TP
+.I "MONO_RTC"
+Experimental RTC support in the statistical profiler: if the user has
+the permission, more accurate statistics are gathered. The MONO_RTC
+value must be restricted to what the linux rtc allows: power of two
+from 64 to 8192 Hz. To enable higher frequencies like 4096 Hz, run as root:
+.nf
+
+ echo 4096 > /proc/sys/dev/rtc/max-user-freq
+
+.fi
+.Sp
+For example:
+.nf
+
+ MONO_RTC=4096 mono --profiler=default:stat program.exe
+
+.fi
+.TP
+.I "MONO_NO_TLS"
+Disable inlining of thread local accesses. Try setting this if you get a segfault
+early on in the execution of mono.
+.TP
+.I "MONO_SHARED_DIR"
+If set its the directory where the ".wapi" handle state is stored.
+This is the directory where the Windows I/O Emulation layer stores its
+shared state data (files, events, mutexes, pipes). By default Mono
+will store the ".wapi" directory in the users's home directory.
+.TP
+.I "MONO_SHARED_HOSTNAME"
+Uses the string value of this variable as a replacement for the host name when
+creating file names in the ".wapi" directory. This helps if the host name of
+your machine is likely to be changed when a mono application is running or if
+you have a .wapi directory shared among several different computers.
+.Sp
+Mono typically uses the hostname to create the files that are used to
+share state across multiple Mono processes. This is done to support
+home directories that might be shared over the network.
+.TP
+.I "MONO_STRICT_IO_EMULATION"
+If set, extra checks are made during IO operations. Currently, this
+includes only advisory locks around file writes.
+.TP
+.I "MONO_THEME"
+The name of the theme to be used by Windows.Forms. Available themes today
+include "clearlooks", "nice" and "win32".
+.Sp
+The default is "win32".
+.TP
+.I "MONO_THREADS_PER_CPU"
+The maximum number of threads in the general threadpool will be
+20 + (MONO_THREADS_PER_CPU * number of CPUs). The default value for this
+variable is 5.
+.TP
+.I "MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_THS"
+Controls the threshold for the XmlSerializer to produce a custom
+serializer for a given class instead of using the Reflection-based
+interpreter. The possible values are `no' to disable the use of a
+custom serializer or a number to indicate when the XmlSerializer
+should start serializing. The default value is 50, which means that
+the a custom serializer will be produced on the 50th use.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES FOR DEBUGGING
+.TP
+.I "MONO_ASPNET_NODELETE"
+If set to any value, temporary source files generated by ASP.NET support
+classes will not be removed. They will be kept in the user's temporary
+directory.
+.TP
.I "MONO_LOG_LEVEL"
The logging level, possible values are `error', `critical', `warning',
`message', `info' and `debug'. See the DEBUGGING section for more
separating them. For example to see config file messages and assembly loader
messages set you mask to "asm,cfg".
.TP
-.I "MONO_MANAGED_WATCHER"
-If set to any value, System.IO.FileSystemWatcher will use the default
-managed implementation (slow). If unset, mono will try to use FAM under
-Unix systems and native API calls on Windows, falling back to the
-managed implementation on error.
-.TP
-.I "MONO_THREADS_PER_CPU"
-Sets the maximum number of threads in the threadpool per CPU. The default is
-50 for non-windows systems and 25 for windows.
-.TP
.I "MONO_TRACE"
+Used for runtime tracing of method calls. The format of the comma separated
+trace options is:
+.nf
+
+ [-]M:method name
+ [-]N:namespace
+ [-]T:class name
+ [-]all
+ [-]program
+ disabled Trace output off upon start.
+
+.fi
+You can toggle trace output on/off sending a SIGUSR2 signal to the program.
+.TP
+.I "MONO_TRACE_LISTENER"
If set, enables the System.Diagnostics.DefaultTraceListener, which will
print the output of the System.Diagnostics Trace and Debug classes.
It can be set to a filename, and to Console.Out or Console.Error to display
-output to standard output or standard error, respectively.
+output to standard output or standard error, respectively. If it's set to
+Console.Out or Console.Error you can append an optional prefix that will
+be used when writing messages like this: Console.Error:MyProgramName.
See the System.Diagnostics.DefaultTraceListener documentation for more
information.
-.TP
-.I "MONO_SHARED_DIR"
-If set its the directory where the ".wapi" handle state is stored.
-This is the directory where the Windows I/O Emulation layer stores its
-shared state data (files, events, mutexes, pipes). By default Mono
-will store the ".wapi" directory in the users's home directory.
.TP
-.I "MONO_PATH"
-Provides a search path to the runtime where to look for library files.
-Directories are separated by the platform path separator (colons on unix). Example:
-.B /home/username/lib:/usr/local/mono/lib
+.I "MONO_XEXCEPTIONS"
+This throws an exception when a X11 error is encountered; by default a
+message is displayed but execution continues
.TP
-.I "MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_THS"
-Controls the threshold for the XmlSerializer to produce a custom
-serializer for a given class instead of using the Reflection-based
-interpreter. The possible values are `no' to disable the use of a
-custom serializer or a number to indicate when the XmlSerializer
-should start serializing. The default value is 50, which means that
-the a custom serializer will be produced on the 50th use.
+.I "MONO_XSYNC"
+This is used in the System.Windows.Forms implementation when running
+with the X11 backend. This is used to debug problems in Windows.Forms
+as it forces all of the commands send to X11 server to be done
+synchronously. The default mode of operation is asynchronous which
+makes it hard to isolate the root of certain problems.
.SH FILES
On Unix assemblies are loaded from the installation lib directory. If you set
`prefix' to /usr, the assemblies will be located in /usr/lib. On
Mono runtime configuration file. See the mono-config(5) manual page
for more information.
.PP
-~/.config/.mono/certs
+~/.config/.mono/certs, /usr/share/.mono/certs
+.PP
+Contains Mono certificate stores for users / machine. See the certmgr(1)
+manual page for more information on managing certificate stores and
+the mozroots(1) page for information on how to import the Mozilla root
+certificates into the Mono certificate store.
+.PP
+~/.config/.mono/keypairs, /usr/share/.mono/keypairs
+.PP
+Contains Mono cryptographic keypairs for users / machine. They can be
+accessed by using a CspParameters object with DSACryptoServiceProvider
+and RSACryptoServiceProvider classes.
.PP
-Contains Mono certificate stores. See the certmgr(1) manual page for
-more information.
+~/.config/.isolatedstorage, ~/.local/share/.isolatedstorage, /usr/share/.isolatedstorage
+.PP
+Contains Mono isolated storage for non-roaming users, roaming users and
+local machine. Isolated storage can be accessed using the classes from
+the System.IO.IsolatedStorage namespace.
.SH MAILING LISTS
-Visit http://mail.ximian.com/mailman/mono-list for details.
+Mailing lists are listed at the
+http://www.mono-project.com/Mailing_Lists
.SH WEB SITE
-Visit: http://www.mono-project.com for details
+http://www.mono-project.com
.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR mcs(1), mint(1), monodis(1), mono-config(5), certmgr(1).
+.BR certmgr(1), mcs(1), mint(1), monodis(1), mono-config(5), mozroots(1).
.PP
For ASP.NET-related documentation, see the xsp(1) manual page
-
-
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