/*
  Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Jeroen Frijters

  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
  arising from the use of this software.

  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
  freely, subject to the following restrictions:

  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
     appreciated but is not required.
  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
     misrepresented as being the original software.
  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

  Jeroen Frijters
  jeroen@frijters.net
  
*/
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using IKVM.Reflection.Emit;

namespace IKVM.Reflection
{
	interface IGenericContext
	{
		Type GetGenericTypeArgument(int index);
		Type GetGenericMethodArgument(int index);
	}

	interface IGenericBinder
	{
		Type BindTypeParameter(Type type);
		Type BindMethodParameter(Type type);
	}

	public abstract class Type : MemberInfo, IGenericContext, IGenericBinder
	{
		public static readonly Type[] EmptyTypes = Empty<Type>.Array;
		protected readonly Type underlyingType;
		protected TypeFlags typeFlags;

		[Flags]
		protected enum TypeFlags
		{
			// for use by TypeBuilder
			IsGenericTypeDefinition = 1,
			HasNestedTypes = 2,
			Baked = 4,

			// for use by MissingType
			ValueType = 8,
			NotValueType = 16,

			// for use by TypeDef, TypeBuilder or MissingType
			PotentialEnumOrValueType = 32,
			EnumOrValueType = 64,
		}

		// prevent subclassing by outsiders
		internal Type()
		{
			this.underlyingType = this;
		}

		internal Type(Type underlyingType)
		{
			System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(underlyingType.underlyingType == underlyingType);
			this.underlyingType = underlyingType;
			this.typeFlags = underlyingType.typeFlags;
		}

		public static Binder DefaultBinder
		{
			get { return new DefaultBinder(); }
		}

		public sealed override MemberTypes MemberType
		{
			get { return IsNested ? MemberTypes.NestedType : MemberTypes.TypeInfo; }
		}

		public virtual string AssemblyQualifiedName
		{
			// NOTE the assembly name is not escaped here, only when used in a generic type instantiation
			get { return this.FullName + ", " + this.Assembly.FullName; }
		}

		public abstract Type BaseType
		{
			get;
		}

		public abstract TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get;
		}

		public virtual Type GetElementType()
		{
			return null;
		}

		internal virtual void CheckBaked()
		{
		}

		public virtual Type[] __GetDeclaredTypes()
		{
			return Type.EmptyTypes;
		}

		public virtual Type[] __GetDeclaredInterfaces()
		{
			return Type.EmptyTypes;
		}

		public virtual MethodBase[] __GetDeclaredMethods()
		{
			return Empty<MethodBase>.Array;
		}

		public virtual __MethodImplMap __GetMethodImplMap()
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}

		public virtual FieldInfo[] __GetDeclaredFields()
		{
			return Empty<FieldInfo>.Array;
		}

		public virtual EventInfo[] __GetDeclaredEvents()
		{
			return Empty<EventInfo>.Array;
		}

		public virtual PropertyInfo[] __GetDeclaredProperties()
		{
			return Empty<PropertyInfo>.Array;
		}

		public virtual CustomModifiers __GetCustomModifiers()
		{
			return new CustomModifiers();
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __GetCustomModifiers() instead.")]
		public Type[] __GetRequiredCustomModifiers()
		{
			return __GetCustomModifiers().GetRequired();
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __GetCustomModifiers() instead.")]
		public Type[] __GetOptionalCustomModifiers()
		{
			return __GetCustomModifiers().GetOptional();
		}

		public virtual __StandAloneMethodSig __MethodSignature
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public virtual bool HasElementType
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool IsArray
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool __IsVector
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool IsByRef
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool IsPointer
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool __IsFunctionPointer
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool IsValueType
		{
			get
			{
				Type baseType = this.BaseType;
				return baseType != null
					&& baseType.IsEnumOrValueType
					&& !this.IsEnumOrValueType;
			}
		}

		public virtual bool IsGenericParameter
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual int GenericParameterPosition
		{
			get { throw new NotSupportedException(); }
		}

		public virtual MethodBase DeclaringMethod
		{
			get { return null; }
		}

		public Type UnderlyingSystemType
		{
			get { return underlyingType; }
		}

		public override Type DeclaringType
		{
			get { return null; }
		}

		public virtual string __Name
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public virtual string __Namespace
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public abstract override string Name
		{
			get;
		}

		public virtual string Namespace
		{
			get
			{
				if (IsNested)
				{
					return DeclaringType.Namespace;
				}
				return __Namespace;
			}
		}

		internal virtual int GetModuleBuilderToken()
		{
			throw new InvalidOperationException();
		}

		public static bool operator ==(Type t1, Type t2)
		{
			// Casting to object results in smaller code than calling ReferenceEquals and makes
			// this method more likely to be inlined.
			// On CLR v2 x86, microbenchmarks show this to be faster than calling ReferenceEquals.
			return (object)t1 == (object)t2
				|| ((object)t1 != null && (object)t2 != null && (object)t1.underlyingType == (object)t2.underlyingType);
		}

		public static bool operator !=(Type t1, Type t2)
		{
			return !(t1 == t2);
		}

		public bool Equals(Type type)
		{
			return this == type;
		}

		public override bool Equals(object obj)
		{
			return Equals(obj as Type);
		}

		public override int GetHashCode()
		{
			Type type = this.UnderlyingSystemType;
			return ReferenceEquals(type, this) ? base.GetHashCode() : type.GetHashCode();
		}

		public virtual Type[] GetGenericArguments()
		{
			return Type.EmptyTypes;
		}

		public virtual CustomModifiers[] __GetGenericArgumentsCustomModifiers()
		{
			return Empty<CustomModifiers>.Array;
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __GetGenericArgumentsCustomModifiers() instead")]
		public Type[][] __GetGenericArgumentsRequiredCustomModifiers()
		{
			CustomModifiers[] customModifiers = __GetGenericArgumentsCustomModifiers();
			Type[][] array = new Type[customModifiers.Length][];
			for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
			{
				array[i] = customModifiers[i].GetRequired();
			}
			return array;
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __GetGenericArgumentsCustomModifiers() instead")]
		public Type[][] __GetGenericArgumentsOptionalCustomModifiers()
		{
			CustomModifiers[] customModifiers = __GetGenericArgumentsCustomModifiers();
			Type[][] array = new Type[customModifiers.Length][];
			for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
			{
				array[i] = customModifiers[i].GetOptional();
			}
			return array;
		}

		public virtual Type GetGenericTypeDefinition()
		{
			throw new InvalidOperationException();
		}

		public virtual StructLayoutAttribute StructLayoutAttribute
		{
			get { return null; }
		}

		public virtual bool __GetLayout(out int packingSize, out int typeSize)
		{
			packingSize = 0;
			typeSize = 0;
			return false;
		}

		public virtual bool IsGenericType
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool IsGenericTypeDefinition
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		internal virtual bool IsGenericTypeInstance
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		public virtual bool ContainsGenericParameters
		{
			get
			{
				if (this.IsGenericParameter)
				{
					return true;
				}
				foreach (Type arg in this.GetGenericArguments())
				{
					if (arg.ContainsGenericParameters)
					{
						return true;
					}
				}
				return false;
			}
		}

		public virtual Type[] GetGenericParameterConstraints()
		{
			throw new InvalidOperationException();
		}

		public virtual GenericParameterAttributes GenericParameterAttributes
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public virtual int GetArrayRank()
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}

		public virtual int[] __GetArraySizes()
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}

		public virtual int[] __GetArrayLowerBounds()
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}

		// .NET 4.0 API
		public virtual Type GetEnumUnderlyingType()
		{
			if (!this.IsEnum)
			{
				throw new ArgumentException();
			}
			CheckBaked();
			return GetEnumUnderlyingTypeImpl();
		}

		internal Type GetEnumUnderlyingTypeImpl()
		{
			foreach (FieldInfo field in __GetDeclaredFields())
			{
				if (!field.IsStatic)
				{
					// the CLR assumes that an enum has only one instance field, so we can do the same
					return field.FieldType;
				}
			}
			throw new InvalidOperationException();
		}

		public override string ToString()
		{
			return FullName;
		}

		public abstract string FullName
		{
			get;
		}

		protected string GetFullName()
		{
			string ns = TypeNameParser.Escape(this.__Namespace);
			Type decl = this.DeclaringType;
			if (decl == null)
			{
				if (ns == null)
				{
					return this.Name;
				}
				else
				{
					return ns + "." + this.Name;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				if (ns == null)
				{
					return decl.FullName + "+" + this.Name;
				}
				else
				{
					return decl.FullName + "+" + ns + "." + this.Name;
				}
			}
		}

		internal virtual bool IsModulePseudoType
		{
			get { return false; }
		}

		internal virtual Type GetGenericTypeArgument(int index)
		{
			throw new InvalidOperationException();
		}

		public MemberInfo[] GetDefaultMembers()
		{
			Type defaultMemberAttribute = this.Module.universe.Import(typeof(System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute));
			foreach (CustomAttributeData cad in CustomAttributeData.GetCustomAttributes(this))
			{
				if (cad.Constructor.DeclaringType.Equals(defaultMemberAttribute))
				{
					return GetMember((string)cad.ConstructorArguments[0].Value);
				}
			}
			return Empty<MemberInfo>.Array;
		}

		public MemberInfo[] GetMember(string name)
		{
			return GetMember(name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
		}

		public MemberInfo[] GetMember(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMember(name, MemberTypes.All, bindingAttr);
		}

		public MemberInfo[] GetMembers()
		{
			return GetMembers(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
		}

		public MemberInfo[] GetMembers(BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			List<MemberInfo> members = new List<MemberInfo>();
			members.AddRange(GetConstructors(bindingAttr));
			members.AddRange(GetMethods(bindingAttr));
			members.AddRange(GetFields(bindingAttr));
			members.AddRange(GetProperties(bindingAttr));
			members.AddRange(GetEvents(bindingAttr));
			members.AddRange(GetNestedTypes(bindingAttr));
			return members.ToArray();
		}

		public MemberInfo[] GetMember(string name, MemberTypes type, BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			MemberFilter filter;
			if ((bindingAttr & BindingFlags.IgnoreCase) != 0)
			{
				name = name.ToLowerInvariant();
				filter = delegate(MemberInfo member, object filterCriteria) { return member.Name.ToLowerInvariant().Equals(filterCriteria); };
			}
			else
			{
				filter = delegate(MemberInfo member, object filterCriteria) { return member.Name.Equals(filterCriteria); };
			}
			return FindMembers(type, bindingAttr, filter, name);
		}

		private static void AddMembers(List<MemberInfo> list, MemberFilter filter, object filterCriteria, MemberInfo[] members)
		{
			foreach (MemberInfo member in members)
			{
				if (filter == null || filter(member, filterCriteria))
				{
					list.Add(member);
				}
			}
		}

		public MemberInfo[] FindMembers(MemberTypes memberType, BindingFlags bindingAttr, MemberFilter filter, object filterCriteria)
		{
			List<MemberInfo> members = new List<MemberInfo>();
			if ((memberType & MemberTypes.Constructor) != 0)
			{
				AddMembers(members, filter, filterCriteria, GetConstructors(bindingAttr));
			}
			if ((memberType & MemberTypes.Method) != 0)
			{
				AddMembers(members, filter, filterCriteria, GetMethods(bindingAttr));
			}
			if ((memberType & MemberTypes.Field) != 0)
			{
				AddMembers(members, filter, filterCriteria, GetFields(bindingAttr));
			}
			if ((memberType & MemberTypes.Property) != 0)
			{
				AddMembers(members, filter, filterCriteria, GetProperties(bindingAttr));
			}
			if ((memberType & MemberTypes.Event) != 0)
			{
				AddMembers(members, filter, filterCriteria, GetEvents(bindingAttr));
			}
			if ((memberType & MemberTypes.NestedType) != 0)
			{
				AddMembers(members, filter, filterCriteria, GetNestedTypes(bindingAttr));
			}
			return members.ToArray();
		}

		private MemberInfo[] GetMembers<T>()
		{
			if (typeof(T) == typeof(ConstructorInfo) || typeof(T) == typeof(MethodInfo))
			{
				return __GetDeclaredMethods();
			}
			else if (typeof(T) == typeof(FieldInfo))
			{
				return __GetDeclaredFields();
			}
			else if (typeof(T) == typeof(PropertyInfo))
			{
				return __GetDeclaredProperties();
			}
			else if (typeof(T) == typeof(EventInfo))
			{
				return __GetDeclaredEvents();
			}
			else if (typeof(T) == typeof(Type))
			{
				return __GetDeclaredTypes();
			}
			else
			{
				throw new InvalidOperationException();
			}
		}

		private T[] GetMembers<T>(BindingFlags flags)
			where T : MemberInfo
		{
			CheckBaked();
			List<T> list = new List<T>();
			foreach (MemberInfo member in GetMembers<T>())
			{
				if (member is T && member.BindingFlagsMatch(flags))
				{
					list.Add((T)member);
				}
			}
			if ((flags & BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly) == 0)
			{
				for (Type type = this.BaseType; type != null; type = type.BaseType)
				{
					type.CheckBaked();
					foreach (MemberInfo member in type.GetMembers<T>())
					{
						if (member is T && member.BindingFlagsMatchInherited(flags))
						{
							list.Add((T)member.SetReflectedType(this));
						}
					}
				}
			}
			return list.ToArray();
		}

		private T GetMemberByName<T>(string name, BindingFlags flags, Predicate<T> filter)
			where T : MemberInfo
		{
			CheckBaked();
			if ((flags & BindingFlags.IgnoreCase) != 0)
			{
				name = name.ToLowerInvariant();
			}
			T found = null;
			foreach (MemberInfo member in GetMembers<T>())
			{
				if (member is T && member.BindingFlagsMatch(flags))
				{
					string memberName = member.Name;
					if ((flags & BindingFlags.IgnoreCase) != 0)
					{
						memberName = memberName.ToLowerInvariant();
					}
					if (memberName == name && (filter == null || filter((T)member)))
					{
						if (found != null)
						{
							throw new AmbiguousMatchException();
						}
						found = (T)member;
					}
				}
			}
			if ((flags & BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly) == 0)
			{
				for (Type type = this.BaseType; (found == null || typeof(T) == typeof(MethodInfo)) && type != null; type = type.BaseType)
				{
					type.CheckBaked();
					foreach (MemberInfo member in type.GetMembers<T>())
					{
						if (member is T && member.BindingFlagsMatchInherited(flags))
						{
							string memberName = member.Name;
							if ((flags & BindingFlags.IgnoreCase) != 0)
							{
								memberName = memberName.ToLowerInvariant();
							}
							if (memberName == name && (filter == null || filter((T)member)))
							{
								if (found != null)
								{
									MethodInfo mi;
									// TODO does this depend on HideBySig vs HideByName?
									if ((mi = found as MethodInfo) != null
										&& mi.MethodSignature.MatchParameterTypes(((MethodBase)member).MethodSignature))
									{
										continue;
									}
									throw new AmbiguousMatchException();
								}
								found = (T)member.SetReflectedType(this);
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
			return found;
		}

		private T GetMemberByName<T>(string name, BindingFlags flags)
			where T : MemberInfo
		{
			return GetMemberByName<T>(name, flags, null);
		}

		public EventInfo GetEvent(string name)
		{
			return GetEvent(name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
		}

		public EventInfo GetEvent(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMemberByName<EventInfo>(name, bindingAttr);
		}

		public EventInfo[] GetEvents()
		{
			return GetEvents(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
		}

		public EventInfo[] GetEvents(BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMembers<EventInfo>(bindingAttr);
		}

		public FieldInfo GetField(string name)
		{
			return GetField(name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
		}

		public FieldInfo GetField(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMemberByName<FieldInfo>(name, bindingAttr);
		}

		public FieldInfo[] GetFields()
		{
			return GetFields(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Instance);
		}

		public FieldInfo[] GetFields(BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMembers<FieldInfo>(bindingAttr);
		}

		public Type[] GetInterfaces()
		{
			List<Type> list = new List<Type>();
			for (Type type = this; type != null; type = type.BaseType)
			{
				AddInterfaces(list, type);
			}
			return list.ToArray();
		}

		private static void AddInterfaces(List<Type> list, Type type)
		{
			type.CheckBaked();
			foreach (Type iface in type.__GetDeclaredInterfaces())
			{
				if (!list.Contains(iface))
				{
					list.Add(iface);
					AddInterfaces(list, iface);
				}
			}
		}

		public MethodInfo[] GetMethods(BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			CheckBaked();
			List<MethodInfo> list = new List<MethodInfo>();
			foreach (MethodBase mb in __GetDeclaredMethods())
			{
				MethodInfo mi = mb as MethodInfo;
				if (mi != null && mi.BindingFlagsMatch(bindingAttr))
				{
					list.Add(mi);
				}
			}
			if ((bindingAttr & BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly) == 0)
			{
				List<MethodInfo> baseMethods = new List<MethodInfo>();
				foreach (MethodInfo mi in list)
				{
					if (mi.IsVirtual)
					{
						baseMethods.Add(mi.GetBaseDefinition());
					}
				}
				for (Type type = this.BaseType; type != null; type = type.BaseType)
				{
					type.CheckBaked();
					foreach (MethodBase mb in type.__GetDeclaredMethods())
					{
						MethodInfo mi = mb as MethodInfo;
						if (mi != null && mi.BindingFlagsMatchInherited(bindingAttr))
						{
							if (mi.IsVirtual)
							{
								if (baseMethods == null)
								{
									baseMethods = new List<MethodInfo>();
								}
								else if (FindMethod(baseMethods, mi.GetBaseDefinition()))
								{
									continue;
								}
								baseMethods.Add(mi.GetBaseDefinition());
							}
							list.Add((MethodInfo)mi.SetReflectedType(this));
						}
					}
				}
			}
			return list.ToArray();
		}

		private static bool FindMethod(List<MethodInfo> methods, MethodInfo method)
		{
			foreach (MethodInfo m in methods)
			{
				if (m.Name == method.Name && m.MethodSignature.Equals(method.MethodSignature))
				{
					return true;
				}
			}
			return false;
		}

		public MethodInfo[] GetMethods()
		{
			return GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Instance);
		}

		public MethodInfo GetMethod(string name)
		{
			return GetMethod(name, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public);
		}

		public MethodInfo GetMethod(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMemberByName<MethodInfo>(name, bindingAttr);
		}

		public MethodInfo GetMethod(string name, Type[] types)
		{
			return GetMethod(name, types, null);
		}

		public MethodInfo GetMethod(string name, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			return GetMethod(name, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public, null, types, modifiers);
		}

		public MethodInfo GetMethod(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			// first we try an exact match and only if that fails we fall back to using the binder
			return GetMemberByName<MethodInfo>(name, bindingAttr,
				delegate(MethodInfo method) { return method.MethodSignature.MatchParameterTypes(types); })
				?? GetMethodWithBinder<MethodInfo>(name, bindingAttr, binder ?? DefaultBinder, types, modifiers);
		}

		private T GetMethodWithBinder<T>(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
			where T : MethodBase
		{
			List<MethodBase> list = new List<MethodBase>();
			GetMemberByName<T>(name, bindingAttr, delegate(T method) {
				list.Add(method);
				return false;
			});
			return (T)binder.SelectMethod(bindingAttr, list.ToArray(), types, modifiers);
		}

		public MethodInfo GetMethod(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, CallingConventions callConvention, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			// FXBUG callConvention seems to be ignored
			return GetMethod(name, bindingAttr, binder, types, modifiers);
		}

		public ConstructorInfo[] GetConstructors()
		{
			return GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
		}

		public ConstructorInfo[] GetConstructors(BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMembers<ConstructorInfo>(bindingAttr | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly);
		}

		public ConstructorInfo GetConstructor(Type[] types)
		{
			return GetConstructor(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance, null, CallingConventions.Standard, types, null);
		}

		public ConstructorInfo GetConstructor(BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			// first we try an exact match and only if that fails we fall back to using the binder
			return GetMemberByName<ConstructorInfo>(ConstructorInfo.ConstructorName, bindingAttr | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly,
				delegate(ConstructorInfo ctor) { return ctor.MethodSignature.MatchParameterTypes(types); })
				?? GetMethodWithBinder<ConstructorInfo>(ConstructorInfo.ConstructorName, bindingAttr, binder ?? DefaultBinder, types, modifiers);
		}

		public ConstructorInfo GetConstructor(BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, CallingConventions callingConvention, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			// FXBUG callConvention seems to be ignored
			return GetConstructor(bindingAttr, binder, types, modifiers);
		}

		internal Type ResolveNestedType(TypeName typeName)
		{
			return FindNestedType(typeName) ?? Module.universe.GetMissingTypeOrThrow(Module, this, typeName);
		}

		// unlike the public API, this takes the namespace and name into account
		internal virtual Type FindNestedType(TypeName name)
		{
			foreach (Type type in __GetDeclaredTypes())
			{
				if (type.__Namespace == name.Namespace && type.__Name == name.Name)
				{
					return type;
				}
			}
			return null;
		}

		internal virtual Type FindNestedTypeIgnoreCase(TypeName lowerCaseName)
		{
			foreach (Type type in __GetDeclaredTypes())
			{
				if (new TypeName(type.__Namespace, type.__Name).ToLowerInvariant() == lowerCaseName)
				{
					return type;
				}
			}
			return null;
		}

		public Type GetNestedType(string name)
		{
			return GetNestedType(name, BindingFlags.Public);
		}

		public Type GetNestedType(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			// FXBUG the namespace is ignored, so we can use GetMemberByName
			return GetMemberByName<Type>(name, bindingAttr | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly);
		}

		public Type[] GetNestedTypes()
		{
			return GetNestedTypes(BindingFlags.Public);
		}

		public Type[] GetNestedTypes(BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			// FXBUG the namespace is ignored, so we can use GetMember
			return GetMembers<Type>(bindingAttr | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly);
		}

		public PropertyInfo[] GetProperties()
		{
			return GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
		}

		public PropertyInfo[] GetProperties(BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMembers<PropertyInfo>(bindingAttr);
		}

		public PropertyInfo GetProperty(string name)
		{
			return GetProperty(name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static);
		}

		public PropertyInfo GetProperty(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr)
		{
			return GetMemberByName<PropertyInfo>(name, bindingAttr);
		}

		public PropertyInfo GetProperty(string name, Type returnType)
		{
			const BindingFlags flags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static;
			return GetMemberByName<PropertyInfo>(name, flags, delegate(PropertyInfo prop) { return prop.PropertyType.Equals(returnType); })
				?? GetPropertyWithBinder(name, flags, DefaultBinder, returnType, null, null);
		}

		public PropertyInfo GetProperty(string name, Type[] types)
		{
			const BindingFlags flags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static;
			return GetMemberByName<PropertyInfo>(name, flags, delegate(PropertyInfo prop) { return prop.PropertySignature.MatchParameterTypes(types); })
				?? GetPropertyWithBinder(name, flags, DefaultBinder, null, types, null);
		}

		public PropertyInfo GetProperty(string name, Type returnType, Type[] types)
		{
			return GetProperty(name, returnType, types, null);
		}

		public PropertyInfo GetProperty(string name, Type returnType, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			return GetProperty(name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static, null, returnType, types, modifiers);
		}

		public PropertyInfo GetProperty(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Type returnType, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			return GetMemberByName<PropertyInfo>(name, bindingAttr,
				delegate(PropertyInfo prop) {
					return prop.PropertyType.Equals(returnType) && prop.PropertySignature.MatchParameterTypes(types);
				})
				?? GetPropertyWithBinder(name, bindingAttr, binder ?? DefaultBinder, returnType, types, modifiers);
		}

		private PropertyInfo GetPropertyWithBinder(string name, BindingFlags bindingAttr, Binder binder, Type returnType, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
		{
			List<PropertyInfo> list = new List<PropertyInfo>();
			GetMemberByName<PropertyInfo>(name, bindingAttr, delegate(PropertyInfo property) {
				list.Add(property);
				return false;
			});
			return binder.SelectProperty(bindingAttr, list.ToArray(), returnType, types, modifiers);
		}

		public Type GetInterface(string name)
		{
			return GetInterface(name, false);
		}

		public Type GetInterface(string name, bool ignoreCase)
		{
			if (ignoreCase)
			{
				name = name.ToLowerInvariant();
			}
			Type found = null;
			foreach (Type type in GetInterfaces())
			{
				string typeName = type.FullName;
				if (ignoreCase)
				{
					typeName = typeName.ToLowerInvariant();
				}
				if (typeName == name)
				{
					if (found != null)
					{
						throw new AmbiguousMatchException();
					}
					found = type;
				}
			}
			return found;
		}

		public Type[] FindInterfaces(TypeFilter filter, object filterCriteria)
		{
			List<Type> list = new List<Type>();
			foreach (Type type in GetInterfaces())
			{
				if (filter(type, filterCriteria))
				{
					list.Add(type);
				}
			}
			return list.ToArray();
		}

		public ConstructorInfo TypeInitializer
		{
			get { return GetConstructor(BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic, null, Type.EmptyTypes, null); }
		}

		public bool IsPrimitive
		{
			get
			{
				Universe u = this.Universe;
				return this == u.System_Boolean
					|| this == u.System_Byte
					|| this == u.System_SByte
					|| this == u.System_Int16
					|| this == u.System_UInt16
					|| this == u.System_Int32
					|| this == u.System_UInt32
					|| this == u.System_Int64
					|| this == u.System_UInt64
					|| this == u.System_IntPtr
					|| this == u.System_UIntPtr
					|| this == u.System_Char
					|| this == u.System_Double
					|| this == u.System_Single
					;
			}
		}

		public bool IsEnum
		{
			get
			{
				Type baseType = this.BaseType;
				return baseType != null
					&& baseType.IsEnumOrValueType
					&& baseType.__Name[0] == 'E';
			}
		}

		public bool IsSealed
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.Sealed) != 0; }
		}

		public bool IsAbstract
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.Abstract) != 0; }
		}

		private bool CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes access)
		{
			return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.VisibilityMask) == access;
		}

		public bool IsPublic
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.Public); }
		}

		public bool IsNestedPublic
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.NestedPublic); }
		}

		public bool IsNestedPrivate
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.NestedPrivate); }
		}

		public bool IsNestedFamily
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.NestedFamily); }
		}

		public bool IsNestedAssembly
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.NestedAssembly); }
		}

		public bool IsNestedFamANDAssem
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.NestedFamANDAssem); }
		}

		public bool IsNestedFamORAssem
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.NestedFamORAssem); }
		}

		public bool IsNotPublic
		{
			get { return CheckVisibility(TypeAttributes.NotPublic); }
		}

		public bool IsImport
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.Import) != 0; }
		}

		public bool IsCOMObject
		{
			get { return IsClass && IsImport; }
		}

		public bool IsContextful
		{
			get { return IsSubclassOf(this.Module.universe.Import(typeof(ContextBoundObject))); }
		}

		public bool IsMarshalByRef
		{
			get { return IsSubclassOf(this.Module.universe.Import(typeof(MarshalByRefObject))); }
		}

		public virtual bool IsVisible
		{
			get { return IsPublic || (IsNestedPublic && this.DeclaringType.IsVisible); }
		}

		public bool IsAnsiClass
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.StringFormatMask) == TypeAttributes.AnsiClass; }
		}

		public bool IsUnicodeClass
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.StringFormatMask) == TypeAttributes.UnicodeClass; }
		}

		public bool IsAutoClass
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.StringFormatMask) == TypeAttributes.AutoClass; }
		}

		public bool IsAutoLayout
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.LayoutMask) == TypeAttributes.AutoLayout; }
		}

		public bool IsLayoutSequential
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.LayoutMask) == TypeAttributes.SequentialLayout; }
		}

		public bool IsExplicitLayout
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.LayoutMask) == TypeAttributes.ExplicitLayout; }
		}

		public bool IsSpecialName
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.SpecialName) != 0; }
		}

		public bool IsSerializable
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.Serializable) != 0; }
		}

		public bool IsClass
		{
			get { return !IsInterface && !IsValueType; }
		}

		public bool IsInterface
		{
			get { return (Attributes & TypeAttributes.Interface) != 0; }
		}

		public bool IsNested
		{
			// FXBUG we check the declaring type (like .NET) and this results
			// in IsNested returning true for a generic type parameter
			get { return this.DeclaringType != null; }
		}

		public virtual bool __ContainsMissingType
		{
			get
			{
				if (this.__IsMissing)
				{
					return true;
				}
				foreach (Type arg in this.GetGenericArguments())
				{
					if (arg.__ContainsMissingType)
					{
						return true;
					}
				}
				return false;
			}
		}

		public Type MakeArrayType()
		{
			return ArrayType.Make(this, new CustomModifiers());
		}

		public Type __MakeArrayType(CustomModifiers customModifiers)
		{
			return ArrayType.Make(this, customModifiers);
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __MakeArrayType(CustomModifiers) instead.")]
		public Type __MakeArrayType(Type[] requiredCustomModifiers, Type[] optionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			return __MakeArrayType(CustomModifiers.FromReqOpt(requiredCustomModifiers, optionalCustomModifiers));
		}

		public Type MakeArrayType(int rank)
		{
			return __MakeArrayType(rank, new CustomModifiers());
		}

		public Type __MakeArrayType(int rank, CustomModifiers customModifiers)
		{
			return MultiArrayType.Make(this, rank, Empty<int>.Array, new int[rank], customModifiers);
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __MakeArrayType(int, CustomModifiers) instead.")]
		public Type __MakeArrayType(int rank, Type[] requiredCustomModifiers, Type[] optionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			return __MakeArrayType(rank, CustomModifiers.FromReqOpt(requiredCustomModifiers, optionalCustomModifiers));
		}

		public Type __MakeArrayType(int rank, int[] sizes, int[] lobounds, CustomModifiers customModifiers)
		{
			return MultiArrayType.Make(this, rank, sizes ?? Empty<int>.Array, lobounds ?? Empty<int>.Array, customModifiers);
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __MakeArrayType(int, int[], int[], CustomModifiers) instead.")]
		public Type __MakeArrayType(int rank, int[] sizes, int[] lobounds, Type[] requiredCustomModifiers, Type[] optionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			return __MakeArrayType(rank, sizes, lobounds, CustomModifiers.FromReqOpt(requiredCustomModifiers, optionalCustomModifiers));
		}

		public Type MakeByRefType()
		{
			return ByRefType.Make(this, new CustomModifiers());
		}

		public Type __MakeByRefType(CustomModifiers customModifiers)
		{
			return ByRefType.Make(this, customModifiers);
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __MakeByRefType(CustomModifiers) instead.")]
		public Type __MakeByRefType(Type[] requiredCustomModifiers, Type[] optionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			return __MakeByRefType(CustomModifiers.FromReqOpt(requiredCustomModifiers, optionalCustomModifiers));
		}

		public Type MakePointerType()
		{
			return PointerType.Make(this, new CustomModifiers());
		}

		public Type __MakePointerType(CustomModifiers customModifiers)
		{
			return PointerType.Make(this, customModifiers);
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __MakeByRefType(CustomModifiers) instead.")]
		public Type __MakePointerType(Type[] requiredCustomModifiers, Type[] optionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			return __MakePointerType(CustomModifiers.FromReqOpt(requiredCustomModifiers, optionalCustomModifiers));
		}

		public Type MakeGenericType(params Type[] typeArguments)
		{
			return __MakeGenericType(typeArguments, null);
		}

		public Type __MakeGenericType(Type[] typeArguments, CustomModifiers[] customModifiers)
		{
			if (!this.__IsMissing && !this.IsGenericTypeDefinition)
			{
				throw new InvalidOperationException();
			}
			return GenericTypeInstance.Make(this, Util.Copy(typeArguments), customModifiers == null ? null : (CustomModifiers[])customModifiers.Clone());
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __MakeGenericType(Type[], CustomModifiers[]) instead.")]
		public Type __MakeGenericType(Type[] typeArguments, Type[][] requiredCustomModifiers, Type[][] optionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			if (!this.__IsMissing && !this.IsGenericTypeDefinition)
			{
				throw new InvalidOperationException();
			}
			CustomModifiers[] mods = null;
			if (requiredCustomModifiers != null || optionalCustomModifiers != null)
			{
				mods = new CustomModifiers[typeArguments.Length];
				for (int i = 0; i < mods.Length; i++)
				{
					mods[i] = CustomModifiers.FromReqOpt(Util.NullSafeElementAt(requiredCustomModifiers, i), Util.NullSafeElementAt(optionalCustomModifiers, i));
				}
			}
			return GenericTypeInstance.Make(this, Util.Copy(typeArguments), mods);
		}

		public static System.Type __GetSystemType(TypeCode typeCode)
		{
			switch (typeCode)
			{
				case TypeCode.Boolean:
					return typeof(System.Boolean);
				case TypeCode.Byte:
					return typeof(System.Byte);
				case TypeCode.Char:
					return typeof(System.Char);
				case TypeCode.DBNull:
					return typeof(System.DBNull);
				case TypeCode.DateTime:
					return typeof(System.DateTime);
				case TypeCode.Decimal:
					return typeof(System.Decimal);
				case TypeCode.Double:
					return typeof(System.Double);
				case TypeCode.Empty:
					return null;
				case TypeCode.Int16:
					return typeof(System.Int16);
				case TypeCode.Int32:
					return typeof(System.Int32);
				case TypeCode.Int64:
					return typeof(System.Int64);
				case TypeCode.Object:
					return typeof(System.Object);
				case TypeCode.SByte:
					return typeof(System.SByte);
				case TypeCode.Single:
					return typeof(System.Single);
				case TypeCode.String:
					return typeof(System.String);
				case TypeCode.UInt16:
					return typeof(System.UInt16);
				case TypeCode.UInt32:
					return typeof(System.UInt32);
				case TypeCode.UInt64:
					return typeof(System.UInt64);
				default:
					throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
			}
		}

		public static TypeCode GetTypeCode(Type type)
		{
			if (type == null)
			{
				return TypeCode.Empty;
			}
			if (!type.__IsMissing && type.IsEnum)
			{
				type = type.GetEnumUnderlyingType();
			}
			Universe u = type.Module.universe;
			if (type == u.System_Boolean)
			{
				return TypeCode.Boolean;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Char)
			{
				return TypeCode.Char;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_SByte)
			{
				return TypeCode.SByte;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Byte)
			{
				return TypeCode.Byte;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Int16)
			{
				return TypeCode.Int16;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_UInt16)
			{
				return TypeCode.UInt16;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Int32)
			{
				return TypeCode.Int32;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_UInt32)
			{
				return TypeCode.UInt32;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Int64)
			{
				return TypeCode.Int64;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_UInt64)
			{
				return TypeCode.UInt64;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Single)
			{
				return TypeCode.Single;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Double)
			{
				return TypeCode.Double;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_DateTime)
			{
				return TypeCode.DateTime;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_DBNull)
			{
				return TypeCode.DBNull;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_Decimal)
			{
				return TypeCode.Decimal;
			}
			else if (type == u.System_String)
			{
				return TypeCode.String;
			}
			else if (type.__IsMissing)
			{
				throw new MissingMemberException(type);
			}
			else
			{
				return TypeCode.Object;
			}
		}

		public Assembly Assembly
		{
			get { return Module.Assembly; }
		}

		// note that interface/delegate co- and contravariance is not considered
		public bool IsAssignableFrom(Type type)
		{
			if (this.Equals(type))
			{
				return true;
			}
			else if (type == null)
			{
				return false;
			}
			else if (this.IsArray && type.IsArray)
			{
				if (this.GetArrayRank() != type.GetArrayRank())
				{
					return false;
				}
				else if (this.__IsVector && !type.__IsVector)
				{
					return false;
				}
				Type e1 = this.GetElementType();
				Type e2 = type.GetElementType();
				return e1.IsValueType == e2.IsValueType && e1.IsAssignableFrom(e2);
			}
			else if (this.IsSealed)
			{
				return false;
			}
			else if (this.IsInterface)
			{
				return Array.IndexOf(type.GetInterfaces(), this) != -1;
			}
			else if (type.IsInterface)
			{
				return this == this.Module.universe.System_Object;
			}
			else if (type.IsPointer)
			{
				return this == this.Module.universe.System_Object || this == this.Module.universe.System_ValueType;
			}
			else
			{
				return type.IsSubclassOf(this);
			}
		}

		public bool IsSubclassOf(Type type)
		{
			Type thisType = this.BaseType;
			while (thisType != null)
			{
				if (thisType.Equals(type))
				{
					return true;
				}
				thisType = thisType.BaseType;
			}
			return false;
		}

		// This returns true if this type directly (i.e. not inherited from the base class) implements the interface.
		// Note that a complicating factor is that the interface itself can be implemented by an interface that extends it.
		private bool IsDirectlyImplementedInterface(Type interfaceType)
		{
			foreach (Type iface in __GetDeclaredInterfaces())
			{
				if (interfaceType.IsAssignableFrom(iface))
				{
					return true;
				}
			}
			return false;
		}

		public InterfaceMapping GetInterfaceMap(Type interfaceType)
		{
			CheckBaked();
			InterfaceMapping map = new InterfaceMapping();
			if (!IsDirectlyImplementedInterface(interfaceType))
			{
				Type baseType = this.BaseType;
				if (baseType == null)
				{
					throw new ArgumentException();
				}
				else
				{
					map = baseType.GetInterfaceMap(interfaceType);
				}
			}
			else
			{
				map.InterfaceMethods = interfaceType.GetMethods(BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);
				map.InterfaceType = interfaceType;
				map.TargetMethods = new MethodInfo[map.InterfaceMethods.Length];
				FillInExplicitInterfaceMethods(map.InterfaceMethods, map.TargetMethods);
				MethodInfo[] methods = GetMethods(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);
				for (int i = 0; i < map.TargetMethods.Length; i++)
				{
					if (map.TargetMethods[i] == null)
					{
						// TODO use proper method resolution (also take into account that no implicit base class implementation is used across assembly boundaries)
						for (int j = 0; j < methods.Length; j++)
						{
							if (methods[j].Name == map.InterfaceMethods[i].Name
								&& methods[j].MethodSignature.Equals(map.InterfaceMethods[i].MethodSignature))
							{
								map.TargetMethods[i] = methods[j];
							}
						}
					}
				}
				for (Type baseType = this.BaseType; baseType != null && interfaceType.IsAssignableFrom(baseType); baseType = baseType.BaseType)
				{
					baseType.FillInExplicitInterfaceMethods(map.InterfaceMethods, map.TargetMethods);
				}
			}
			map.TargetType = this;
			return map;
		}

		internal void FillInExplicitInterfaceMethods(MethodInfo[] interfaceMethods, MethodInfo[] targetMethods)
		{
			__MethodImplMap impl = __GetMethodImplMap();
			for (int i = 0; i < impl.MethodDeclarations.Length; i++)
			{
				for (int j = 0; j < impl.MethodDeclarations[i].Length; j++)
				{
					int index = Array.IndexOf(interfaceMethods, impl.MethodDeclarations[i][j]);
					if (index != -1 && targetMethods[index] == null)
					{
						targetMethods[index] = impl.MethodBodies[i];
					}
				}
			}
		}

		Type IGenericContext.GetGenericTypeArgument(int index)
		{
			return GetGenericTypeArgument(index);
		}

		Type IGenericContext.GetGenericMethodArgument(int index)
		{
			throw new BadImageFormatException();
		}

		Type IGenericBinder.BindTypeParameter(Type type)
		{
			return GetGenericTypeArgument(type.GenericParameterPosition);
		}

		Type IGenericBinder.BindMethodParameter(Type type)
		{
			throw new BadImageFormatException();
		}

		internal virtual Type BindTypeParameters(IGenericBinder binder)
		{
			if (IsGenericTypeDefinition)
			{
				Type[] args = GetGenericArguments();
				Type.InplaceBindTypeParameters(binder, args);
				return GenericTypeInstance.Make(this, args, null);
			}
			else
			{
				return this;
			}
		}

		private static void InplaceBindTypeParameters(IGenericBinder binder, Type[] types)
		{
			for (int i = 0; i < types.Length; i++)
			{
				types[i] = types[i].BindTypeParameters(binder);
			}
		}

		internal virtual MethodBase FindMethod(string name, MethodSignature signature)
		{
			foreach (MethodBase method in __GetDeclaredMethods())
			{
				if (method.Name == name && method.MethodSignature.Equals(signature))
				{
					return method;
				}
			}
			return null;
		}

		internal virtual FieldInfo FindField(string name, FieldSignature signature)
		{
			foreach (FieldInfo field in __GetDeclaredFields())
			{
				if (field.Name == name && field.FieldSignature.Equals(signature))
				{
					return field;
				}
			}
			return null;
		}

		internal bool IsAllowMultipleCustomAttribute
		{
			get
			{
				IList<CustomAttributeData> cad = GetCustomAttributesData(this.Module.universe.System_AttributeUsageAttribute);
				if (cad.Count == 1)
				{
					foreach (CustomAttributeNamedArgument arg in cad[0].NamedArguments)
					{
						if (arg.MemberInfo.Name == "AllowMultiple")
						{
							return (bool)arg.TypedValue.Value;
						}
					}
				}
				return false;
			}
		}

		internal bool IsPseudoCustomAttribute
		{
			get
			{
				Universe u = this.Module.universe;
				return this == u.System_NonSerializedAttribute
					|| this == u.System_SerializableAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_DllImportAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_FieldOffsetAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_InAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_MarshalAsAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_OutAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_StructLayoutAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_OptionalAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_PreserveSigAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_InteropServices_ComImportAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_CompilerServices_SpecialNameAttribute
					|| this == u.System_Runtime_CompilerServices_MethodImplAttribute
					;
			}
		}

		internal Type MarkNotValueType()
		{
			typeFlags |= TypeFlags.NotValueType;
			return this;
		}

		internal Type MarkValueType()
		{
			typeFlags |= TypeFlags.ValueType;
			return this;
		}

		internal ConstructorInfo GetPseudoCustomAttributeConstructor(params Type[] parameterTypes)
		{
			Universe u = this.Module.universe;
			MethodSignature methodSig = MethodSignature.MakeFromBuilder(u.System_Void, parameterTypes, new PackedCustomModifiers(), CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, 0);
			MethodBase mb =
				FindMethod(".ctor", methodSig) ??
				u.GetMissingMethodOrThrow(this, ".ctor", methodSig);
			return (ConstructorInfo)mb;
		}

		public MethodBase __CreateMissingMethod(string name, CallingConventions callingConvention, Type returnType, CustomModifiers returnTypeCustomModifiers, Type[] parameterTypes, CustomModifiers[] parameterTypeCustomModifiers)
		{
			return CreateMissingMethod(name, callingConvention, returnType, parameterTypes, PackedCustomModifiers.CreateFromExternal(returnTypeCustomModifiers, parameterTypeCustomModifiers, parameterTypes.Length));
		}

		private MethodBase CreateMissingMethod(string name, CallingConventions callingConvention, Type returnType, Type[] parameterTypes, PackedCustomModifiers customModifiers)
		{
			MethodSignature sig = new MethodSignature(
				returnType ?? this.Module.universe.System_Void,
				Util.Copy(parameterTypes),
				customModifiers,
				callingConvention,
				0);
			MethodInfo method = new MissingMethod(this, name, sig);
			if (name == ".ctor" || name == ".cctor")
			{
				return new ConstructorInfoImpl(method);
			}
			return method;
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __CreateMissingMethod(string, CallingConventions, Type, CustomModifiers, Type[], CustomModifiers[]) instead")]
		public MethodBase __CreateMissingMethod(string name, CallingConventions callingConvention, Type returnType, Type[] returnTypeRequiredCustomModifiers, Type[] returnTypeOptionalCustomModifiers, Type[] parameterTypes, Type[][] parameterTypeRequiredCustomModifiers, Type[][] parameterTypeOptionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			return CreateMissingMethod(name, callingConvention, returnType, parameterTypes, PackedCustomModifiers.CreateFromExternal(returnTypeOptionalCustomModifiers, returnTypeRequiredCustomModifiers, parameterTypeOptionalCustomModifiers, parameterTypeRequiredCustomModifiers, parameterTypes.Length));
		}

		public FieldInfo __CreateMissingField(string name, Type fieldType, CustomModifiers customModifiers)
		{
			return new MissingField(this, name, FieldSignature.Create(fieldType, customModifiers));
		}

		[Obsolete("Please use __CreateMissingField(string, Type, CustomModifiers) instead")]
		public FieldInfo __CreateMissingField(string name, Type fieldType, Type[] requiredCustomModifiers, Type[] optionalCustomModifiers)
		{
			return __CreateMissingField(name, fieldType, CustomModifiers.FromReqOpt(requiredCustomModifiers, optionalCustomModifiers));
		}

		public PropertyInfo __CreateMissingProperty(string name, CallingConventions callingConvention, Type propertyType, CustomModifiers propertyTypeCustomModifiers, Type[] parameterTypes, CustomModifiers[] parameterTypeCustomModifiers)
		{
			PropertySignature sig = PropertySignature.Create(callingConvention,
				propertyType,
				parameterTypes,
				PackedCustomModifiers.CreateFromExternal(propertyTypeCustomModifiers, parameterTypeCustomModifiers, Util.NullSafeLength(parameterTypes)));
			return new MissingProperty(this, name, sig);
		}

		internal virtual Type SetMetadataTokenForMissing(int token)
		{
			return this;
		}

		protected void MarkEnumOrValueType(string typeNamespace, string typeName)
		{
			// we assume that mscorlib won't have nested types with these names,
			// so we don't check that we're not a nested type
			if (typeNamespace == "System"
				&& (typeName == "Enum" || typeName == "ValueType"))
			{
				typeFlags |= TypeFlags.PotentialEnumOrValueType;
			}
		}

		private bool ResolvePotentialEnumOrValueType()
		{
			if (this.Assembly == this.Universe.Mscorlib || this.Assembly.GetName().Name.Equals("mscorlib", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
			{
				typeFlags = (typeFlags & ~TypeFlags.PotentialEnumOrValueType) | TypeFlags.EnumOrValueType;
				return true;
			}
			else
			{
				typeFlags &= ~TypeFlags.PotentialEnumOrValueType;
				return false;
			}
		}

		private bool IsEnumOrValueType
		{
			get
			{
				return (typeFlags & (TypeFlags.EnumOrValueType | TypeFlags.PotentialEnumOrValueType)) != 0
					&& ((typeFlags & TypeFlags.EnumOrValueType) != 0 || ResolvePotentialEnumOrValueType());
			}
		}

		internal virtual IList<CustomAttributeData> GetInterfaceImplCustomAttributes(Type interfaceType, Type attributeType)
		{
			throw new NotSupportedException();
		}

		internal virtual Universe Universe
		{
			get { return Module.universe; }
		}

		internal sealed override bool BindingFlagsMatch(BindingFlags flags)
		{
			return BindingFlagsMatch(IsNestedPublic, flags, BindingFlags.Public, BindingFlags.NonPublic);
		}

		internal sealed override MemberInfo SetReflectedType(Type type)
		{
			throw new InvalidOperationException();
		}
	}

	abstract class ElementHolderType : Type
	{
		protected readonly Type elementType;
		private int token;
		private readonly CustomModifiers mods;

		protected ElementHolderType(Type elementType, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			this.elementType = elementType;
			this.mods = mods;
		}

		protected bool EqualsHelper(ElementHolderType other)
		{
			return other != null
				&& other.elementType.Equals(elementType)
				&& other.mods.Equals(mods);
		}

		public override CustomModifiers __GetCustomModifiers()
		{
			return mods;
		}

		public sealed override string Name
		{
			get { return elementType.Name + GetSuffix(); }
		}

		public sealed override string Namespace
		{
			get { return elementType.Namespace; }
		}

		public sealed override string FullName
		{
			get { return elementType.FullName + GetSuffix(); }
		}

		public sealed override string ToString()
		{
			return elementType.ToString() + GetSuffix();
		}

		public sealed override Type GetElementType()
		{
			return elementType;
		}

		public sealed override bool HasElementType
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		public sealed override Module Module
		{
			get { return elementType.Module; }
		}

		internal sealed override int GetModuleBuilderToken()
		{
			if (token == 0)
			{
				token = ((ModuleBuilder)elementType.Module).ImportType(this);
			}
			return token;
		}

		public sealed override bool ContainsGenericParameters
		{
			get
			{
				Type type = elementType;
				while (type.HasElementType)
				{
					type = type.GetElementType();
				}
				return type.ContainsGenericParameters;
			}
		}

		public sealed override bool __ContainsMissingType
		{
			get
			{
				Type type = elementType;
				while (type.HasElementType)
				{
					type = type.GetElementType();
				}
				return type.__ContainsMissingType;
			}
		}

		internal sealed override Type BindTypeParameters(IGenericBinder binder)
		{
			Type type = elementType.BindTypeParameters(binder);
			CustomModifiers mods = this.mods.Bind(binder);
			if (ReferenceEquals(type, elementType)
				&& mods.Equals(this.mods))
			{
				return this;
			}
			return Wrap(type, mods);
		}

		internal override void CheckBaked()
		{
			elementType.CheckBaked();
		}

		internal sealed override IList<CustomAttributeData> GetCustomAttributesData(Type attributeType)
		{
			return CustomAttributeData.EmptyList;
		}

		internal sealed override Universe Universe
		{
			get { return elementType.Universe; }
		}

		internal abstract string GetSuffix();

		protected abstract Type Wrap(Type type, CustomModifiers mods);
	}

	sealed class ArrayType : ElementHolderType
	{
		internal static Type Make(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return type.Universe.CanonicalizeType(new ArrayType(type, mods));
		}

		private ArrayType(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
			: base(type, mods)
		{
		}

		public override Type BaseType
		{
			get { return elementType.Module.universe.System_Array; }
		}

		public override Type[] __GetDeclaredInterfaces()
		{
			return new Type[] {
				this.Module.universe.Import(typeof(IList<>)).MakeGenericType(elementType),
				this.Module.universe.Import(typeof(ICollection<>)).MakeGenericType(elementType),
				this.Module.universe.Import(typeof(IEnumerable<>)).MakeGenericType(elementType)
			};
		}

		public override MethodBase[] __GetDeclaredMethods()
		{
			Type[] int32 = new Type[] { this.Module.universe.System_Int32 };
			List<MethodBase> list = new List<MethodBase>();
			list.Add(new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, "Set", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, this.Module.universe.System_Void, new Type[] { this.Module.universe.System_Int32, elementType }));
			list.Add(new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, "Address", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, elementType.MakeByRefType(), int32));
			list.Add(new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, "Get", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, elementType, int32));
			list.Add(new ConstructorInfoImpl(new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, ".ctor", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, this.Module.universe.System_Void, int32)));
			for (Type type = elementType; type.__IsVector; type = type.GetElementType())
			{
				Array.Resize(ref int32, int32.Length + 1);
				int32[int32.Length - 1] = int32[0];
				list.Add(new ConstructorInfoImpl(new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, ".ctor", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, this.Module.universe.System_Void, int32)));
			}
			return list.ToArray();
		}

		public override TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { return TypeAttributes.Public | TypeAttributes.Sealed | TypeAttributes.Serializable; }
		}

		public override bool IsArray
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		public override bool __IsVector
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		public override int GetArrayRank()
		{
			return 1;
		}

		public override bool Equals(object o)
		{
			return EqualsHelper(o as ArrayType);
		}

		public override int GetHashCode()
		{
			return elementType.GetHashCode() * 5;
		}

		internal override string GetSuffix()
		{
			return "[]";
		}

		protected override Type Wrap(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return Make(type, mods);
		}
	}

	sealed class MultiArrayType : ElementHolderType
	{
		private readonly int rank;
		private readonly int[] sizes;
		private readonly int[] lobounds;

		internal static Type Make(Type type, int rank, int[] sizes, int[] lobounds, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return type.Universe.CanonicalizeType(new MultiArrayType(type, rank, sizes, lobounds, mods));
		}

		private MultiArrayType(Type type, int rank, int[] sizes, int[] lobounds, CustomModifiers mods)
			: base(type, mods)
		{
			this.rank = rank;
			this.sizes = sizes;
			this.lobounds = lobounds;
		}

		public override Type BaseType
		{
			get { return elementType.Module.universe.System_Array; }
		}

		public override MethodBase[] __GetDeclaredMethods()
		{
			Type int32 = this.Module.universe.System_Int32;
			Type[] setArgs = new Type[rank + 1];
			Type[] getArgs = new Type[rank];
			Type[] ctorArgs = new Type[rank * 2];
			for (int i = 0; i < rank; i++)
			{
				setArgs[i] = int32;
				getArgs[i] = int32;
				ctorArgs[i * 2 + 0] = int32;
				ctorArgs[i * 2 + 1] = int32;
			}
			setArgs[rank] = elementType;
			return new MethodBase[] {
				new ConstructorInfoImpl(new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, ".ctor", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, this.Module.universe.System_Void, getArgs)),
				new ConstructorInfoImpl(new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, ".ctor", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, this.Module.universe.System_Void, ctorArgs)),
				new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, "Set", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, this.Module.universe.System_Void, setArgs),
				new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, "Address", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, elementType.MakeByRefType(), getArgs),
				new BuiltinArrayMethod(this.Module, this, "Get", CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, elementType, getArgs),
			};
		}

		public override TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { return TypeAttributes.Public | TypeAttributes.Sealed | TypeAttributes.Serializable; }
		}

		public override bool IsArray
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		public override int GetArrayRank()
		{
			return rank;
		}

		public override int[] __GetArraySizes()
		{
			return Util.Copy(sizes);
		}

		public override int[] __GetArrayLowerBounds()
		{
			return Util.Copy(lobounds);
		}

		public override bool Equals(object o)
		{
			MultiArrayType at = o as MultiArrayType;
			return EqualsHelper(at)
				&& at.rank == rank
				&& ArrayEquals(at.sizes, sizes)
				&& ArrayEquals(at.lobounds, lobounds);
		}

		private static bool ArrayEquals(int[] i1, int[] i2)
		{
			if (i1.Length == i2.Length)
			{
				for (int i = 0; i < i1.Length; i++)
				{
					if (i1[i] != i2[i])
					{
						return false;
					}
				}
				return true;
			}
			return false;
		}

		public override int GetHashCode()
		{
			return elementType.GetHashCode() * 9 + rank;
		}

		internal override string GetSuffix()
		{
			if (rank == 1)
			{
				return "[*]";
			}
			else
			{
				return "[" + new String(',', rank - 1) + "]";
			}
		}

		protected override Type Wrap(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return Make(type, rank, sizes, lobounds, mods);
		}
	}

	sealed class BuiltinArrayMethod : ArrayMethod
	{
		internal BuiltinArrayMethod(Module module, Type arrayClass, string methodName, CallingConventions callingConvention, Type returnType, Type[] parameterTypes)
			: base(module, arrayClass, methodName, callingConvention, returnType, parameterTypes)
		{
		}

		public override MethodAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { return this.Name == ".ctor" ? MethodAttributes.RTSpecialName | MethodAttributes.Public : MethodAttributes.Public; }
		}

		public override MethodImplAttributes GetMethodImplementationFlags()
		{
			return MethodImplAttributes.IL;
		}

		public override int MetadataToken
		{
			get { return 0x06000000; }
		}

		public override MethodBody GetMethodBody()
		{
			return null;
		}

		public override ParameterInfo[] GetParameters()
		{
			ParameterInfo[] parameterInfos = new ParameterInfo[parameterTypes.Length];
			for (int i = 0; i < parameterInfos.Length; i++)
			{
				parameterInfos[i] = new ParameterInfoImpl(this, parameterTypes[i], i);
			}
			return parameterInfos;
		}

		public override ParameterInfo ReturnParameter
		{
			get { return new ParameterInfoImpl(this, this.ReturnType, -1); }
		}

		private sealed class ParameterInfoImpl : ParameterInfo
		{
			private readonly MethodInfo method;
			private readonly Type type;
			private readonly int pos;

			internal ParameterInfoImpl(MethodInfo method, Type type, int pos)
			{
				this.method = method;
				this.type = type;
				this.pos = pos;
			}

			public override Type ParameterType
			{
				get { return type; }
			}

			public override string Name
			{
				get { return null; }
			}

			public override ParameterAttributes Attributes
			{
				get { return ParameterAttributes.None; }
			}

			public override int Position
			{
				get { return pos; }
			}

			public override object RawDefaultValue
			{
				get { return null; }
			}

			public override CustomModifiers __GetCustomModifiers()
			{
				return new CustomModifiers();
			}

			public override MemberInfo Member
			{
				get { return method.IsConstructor ? (MethodBase)new ConstructorInfoImpl(method) : method; }
			}

			public override int MetadataToken
			{
				get { return 0x8000000; }
			}

			internal override Module Module
			{
				get { return method.Module; }
			}
		}
	}

	sealed class ByRefType : ElementHolderType
	{
		internal static Type Make(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return type.Universe.CanonicalizeType(new ByRefType(type, mods));
		}

		private ByRefType(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
			: base(type, mods)
		{
		}

		public override bool Equals(object o)
		{
			return EqualsHelper(o as ByRefType);
		}

		public override int GetHashCode()
		{
			return elementType.GetHashCode() * 3;
		}

		public override Type BaseType
		{
			get { return null; }
		}

		public override TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { return 0; }
		}

		public override bool IsByRef
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		internal override string GetSuffix()
		{
			return "&";
		}

		protected override Type Wrap(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return Make(type, mods);
		}
	}

	sealed class PointerType : ElementHolderType
	{
		internal static Type Make(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return type.Universe.CanonicalizeType(new PointerType(type, mods));
		}

		private PointerType(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
			: base(type, mods)
		{
		}

		public override bool Equals(object o)
		{
			return EqualsHelper(o as PointerType);
		}

		public override int GetHashCode()
		{
			return elementType.GetHashCode() * 7;
		}

		public override Type BaseType
		{
			get { return null; }
		}

		public override TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { return 0; }
		}

		public override bool IsPointer
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		internal override string GetSuffix()
		{
			return "*";
		}

		protected override Type Wrap(Type type, CustomModifiers mods)
		{
			return Make(type, mods);
		}
	}

	sealed class GenericTypeInstance : Type
	{
		private readonly Type type;
		private readonly Type[] args;
		private readonly CustomModifiers[] mods;
		private Type baseType;
		private int token;

		internal static Type Make(Type type, Type[] typeArguments, CustomModifiers[] mods)
		{
			bool identity = true;
			if (type is TypeBuilder || type is BakedType || type.__IsMissing)
			{
				// a TypeBuiler identity must be instantiated
				identity = false;
			}
			else
			{
				// we must not instantiate the identity instance, because typeof(Foo<>).MakeGenericType(typeof(Foo<>).GetGenericArguments()) == typeof(Foo<>)
				for (int i = 0; i < typeArguments.Length; i++)
				{
					if (typeArguments[i] != type.GetGenericTypeArgument(i)
						|| !IsEmpty(mods, i))
					{
						identity = false;
						break;
					}
				}
			}
			if (identity)
			{
				return type;
			}
			else
			{
				return type.Universe.CanonicalizeType(new GenericTypeInstance(type, typeArguments, mods));
			}
		}

		private static bool IsEmpty(CustomModifiers[] mods, int i)
		{
			// we need to be extra careful, because mods doesn't not need to be in canonical format
			// (Signature.ReadGenericInst() calls Make() directly, without copying the modifier arrays)
			return mods == null || mods[i].IsEmpty;
		}

		private GenericTypeInstance(Type type, Type[] args, CustomModifiers[] mods)
		{
			this.type = type;
			this.args = args;
			this.mods = mods;
		}

		public override bool Equals(object o)
		{
			GenericTypeInstance gt = o as GenericTypeInstance;
			return gt != null && gt.type.Equals(type) && Util.ArrayEquals(gt.args, args)
				&& Util.ArrayEquals(gt.mods, mods);
		}

		public override int GetHashCode()
		{
			return type.GetHashCode() * 3 ^ Util.GetHashCode(args);
		}

		public override string AssemblyQualifiedName
		{
			get
			{
				string fn = FullName;
				return fn == null ? null : fn + ", " + type.Assembly.FullName;
			}
		}

		public override Type BaseType
		{
			get
			{
				if (baseType == null)
				{
					Type rawBaseType = type.BaseType;
					if (rawBaseType == null)
					{
						baseType = rawBaseType;
					}
					else
					{
						baseType = rawBaseType.BindTypeParameters(this);
					}
				}
				return baseType;
			}
		}

		public override bool IsValueType
		{
			get { return type.IsValueType; }
		}

		public override bool IsVisible
		{
			get
			{
				if (base.IsVisible)
				{
					foreach (Type arg in args)
					{
						if (!arg.IsVisible)
						{
							return false;
						}
					}
					return true;
				}
				return false;
			}
		}

		public override Type DeclaringType
		{
			get { return type.DeclaringType; }
		}

		public override TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { return type.Attributes; }
		}

		internal override void CheckBaked()
		{
			type.CheckBaked();
		}

		public override FieldInfo[] __GetDeclaredFields()
		{
			FieldInfo[] fields = type.__GetDeclaredFields();
			for (int i = 0; i < fields.Length; i++)
			{
				fields[i] = fields[i].BindTypeParameters(this);
			}
			return fields;
		}

		public override Type[] __GetDeclaredInterfaces()
		{
			Type[] interfaces = type.__GetDeclaredInterfaces();
			for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.Length; i++)
			{
				interfaces[i] = interfaces[i].BindTypeParameters(this);
			}
			return interfaces;
		}

		public override MethodBase[] __GetDeclaredMethods()
		{
			MethodBase[] methods = type.__GetDeclaredMethods();
			for (int i = 0; i < methods.Length; i++)
			{
				methods[i] = methods[i].BindTypeParameters(this);
			}
			return methods;
		}

		public override Type[] __GetDeclaredTypes()
		{
			return type.__GetDeclaredTypes();
		}

		public override EventInfo[] __GetDeclaredEvents()
		{
			EventInfo[] events = type.__GetDeclaredEvents();
			for (int i = 0; i < events.Length; i++)
			{
				events[i] = events[i].BindTypeParameters(this);
			}
			return events;
		}

		public override PropertyInfo[] __GetDeclaredProperties()
		{
			PropertyInfo[] properties = type.__GetDeclaredProperties();
			for (int i = 0; i < properties.Length; i++)
			{
				properties[i] = properties[i].BindTypeParameters(this);
			}
			return properties;
		}

		public override __MethodImplMap __GetMethodImplMap()
		{
			__MethodImplMap map = type.__GetMethodImplMap();
			map.TargetType = this;
			for (int i = 0; i < map.MethodBodies.Length; i++)
			{
				map.MethodBodies[i] = (MethodInfo)map.MethodBodies[i].BindTypeParameters(this);
				for (int j = 0; j < map.MethodDeclarations[i].Length; j++)
				{
					Type interfaceType = map.MethodDeclarations[i][j].DeclaringType;
					if (interfaceType.IsGenericType)
					{
						map.MethodDeclarations[i][j] = (MethodInfo)map.MethodDeclarations[i][j].BindTypeParameters(this);
					}
				}
			}
			return map;
		}

		public override string Namespace
		{
			get { return type.Namespace; }
		}

		public override string Name
		{
			get { return type.Name; }
		}

		public override string FullName
		{
			get
			{
				if (!this.__ContainsMissingType && this.ContainsGenericParameters)
				{
					return null;
				}
				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(this.type.FullName);
				sb.Append('[');
				string sep = "";
				foreach (Type type in args)
				{
					sb.Append(sep).Append('[').Append(type.FullName).Append(", ").Append(type.Assembly.FullName.Replace("]", "\\]")).Append(']');
					sep = ",";
				}
				sb.Append(']');
				return sb.ToString();
			}
		}

		public override string ToString()
		{
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(type.FullName);
			sb.Append('[');
			string sep = "";
			foreach (Type arg in args)
			{
				sb.Append(sep);
				sb.Append(arg);
				sep = ",";
			}
			sb.Append(']');
			return sb.ToString();
		}

		public override Module Module
		{
			get { return type.Module; }
		}

		public override bool IsGenericType
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		internal override bool IsGenericTypeInstance
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		public override Type GetGenericTypeDefinition()
		{
			return type;
		}

		public override Type[] GetGenericArguments()
		{
			return Util.Copy(args);
		}

		public override CustomModifiers[] __GetGenericArgumentsCustomModifiers()
		{
			return mods != null ? (CustomModifiers[])mods.Clone() : new CustomModifiers[args.Length];
		}

		internal override Type GetGenericTypeArgument(int index)
		{
			return args[index];
		}

		public override bool ContainsGenericParameters
		{
			get
			{
				foreach (Type type in args)
				{
					if (type.ContainsGenericParameters)
					{
						return true;
					}
				}
				return false;
			}
		}

		public override bool __ContainsMissingType
		{
			get
			{
				foreach (Type type in args)
				{
					if (type.__ContainsMissingType)
					{
						return true;
					}
				}
				return this.type.__IsMissing;
			}
		}

		public override StructLayoutAttribute StructLayoutAttribute
		{
			get { return type.StructLayoutAttribute; }
		}

		internal override int GetModuleBuilderToken()
		{
			if (token == 0)
			{
				token = ((ModuleBuilder)type.Module).ImportType(this);
			}
			return token;
		}

		internal override Type BindTypeParameters(IGenericBinder binder)
		{
			for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
			{
				Type xarg = args[i].BindTypeParameters(binder);
				if (!ReferenceEquals(xarg, args[i]))
				{
					Type[] xargs = new Type[args.Length];
					Array.Copy(args, xargs, i);
					xargs[i++] = xarg;
					for (; i < args.Length; i++)
					{
						xargs[i] = args[i].BindTypeParameters(binder);
					}
					return Make(type, xargs, null);
				}
			}
			return this;
		}

		internal override IList<CustomAttributeData> GetCustomAttributesData(Type attributeType)
		{
			return type.GetCustomAttributesData(attributeType);
		}
	}

	sealed class FunctionPointerType : Type
	{
		private readonly Universe universe;
		private readonly __StandAloneMethodSig sig;

		internal static Type Make(Universe universe, __StandAloneMethodSig sig)
		{
			return universe.CanonicalizeType(new FunctionPointerType(universe, sig));
		}

		private FunctionPointerType(Universe universe, __StandAloneMethodSig sig)
		{
			this.universe = universe;
			this.sig = sig;
		}

		public override bool Equals(object obj)
		{
			FunctionPointerType other = obj as FunctionPointerType;
			return other != null
				&& other.universe == universe
				&& other.sig.Equals(sig);
		}

		public override int GetHashCode()
		{
			return sig.GetHashCode();
		}

		public override bool __IsFunctionPointer
		{
			get { return true; }
		}

		public override __StandAloneMethodSig __MethodSignature
		{
			get { return sig; }
		}

		public override Type BaseType
		{
			get { return null; }
		}

		public override TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { return 0; }
		}

		public override string Name
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public override string FullName
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public override Module Module
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		internal override Universe Universe
		{
			get { return universe; }
		}

		public override string ToString()
		{
			return "<FunctionPtr>";
		}
	}

	sealed class MarkerType : Type
	{
		// used by ILGenerator
		internal static readonly Type Fault = new MarkerType();
		internal static readonly Type Finally = new MarkerType();
		internal static readonly Type Filter = new MarkerType();
		// used by CustomModifiers and SignatureHelper
		internal static readonly Type ModOpt = new MarkerType();
		internal static readonly Type ModReq = new MarkerType();
		// used by SignatureHelper
		internal static readonly Type Sentinel = new MarkerType();
		internal static readonly Type Pinned = new MarkerType();

		private MarkerType() { }

		public override Type BaseType
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public override TypeAttributes Attributes
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public override string Name
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public override string FullName
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}

		public override Module Module
		{
			get { throw new InvalidOperationException(); }
		}
	}
}