mcs/mcs/ecore.cs

   1 //
   2 // ecore.cs: Core of the Expression representation for the intermediate tree.
   3 //
   4 // Author:
   5 //   Miguel de Icaza (miguel@ximian.com)
   6 //   Marek Safar (marek.safar@gmail.com)
   7 //
   8 // Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003 Ximian, Inc.
   9 // Copyright 2003-2008 Novell, Inc.
  10 // Copyright 2011-2012 Xamarin Inc.
  11 //
  12 //
  13
  14 using System;
  15 using System.Collections.Generic;
  16 using System.Text;
  17 using SLE = System.Linq.Expressions;
  18 using System.Linq;
  19
  20 #if STATIC
  21 using IKVM.Reflection;
  22 using IKVM.Reflection.Emit;
  23 #else
  24 using System.Reflection;
  25 using System.Reflection.Emit;
  26 #endif
  27
  28 namespace Mono.CSharp {
  29
  30         /// <remarks>
  31         ///   The ExprClass class contains the is used to pass the
  32         ///   classification of an expression (value, variable, namespace,
  33         ///   type, method group, property access, event access, indexer access,
  34         ///   nothing).
  35         /// </remarks>
  36         public enum ExprClass : byte {
  37                 Unresolved      = 0,
  38
  39                 Value,
  40                 Variable,
  41                 Namespace,
  42                 Type,
  43                 TypeParameter,
  44                 MethodGroup,
  45                 PropertyAccess,
  46                 EventAccess,
  47                 IndexerAccess,
  48                 Nothing,
  49         }
  50
  51         /// <remarks>
  52         ///   This is used to tell Resolve in which types of expressions we're
  53         ///   interested.
  54         /// </remarks>
  55         [Flags]
  56         public enum ResolveFlags {
  57                 // Returns Value, Variable, PropertyAccess, EventAccess or IndexerAccess.
  58                 VariableOrValue         = 1,
  59
  60                 // Returns a type expression.
  61                 Type                    = 1 << 1,
  62
  63                 // Returns a method group.
  64                 MethodGroup             = 1 << 2,
  65
  66                 TypeParameter   = 1 << 3,
  67
  68                 // Mask of all the expression class flags.
  69                 MaskExprClass = VariableOrValue | Type | MethodGroup | TypeParameter,
  70         }
  71
  72         //
  73         // This is just as a hint to AddressOf of what will be done with the
  74         // address.
  75         [Flags]
  76         public enum AddressOp {
  77                 Store = 1,
  78                 Load  = 2,
  79                 LoadStore = 3
  80         };
  81
  82         /// <summary>
  83         ///   This interface is implemented by variables
  84         /// </summary>
  85         public interface IMemoryLocation {
  86                 /// <summary>
  87                 ///   The AddressOf method should generate code that loads
  88                 ///   the address of the object and leaves it on the stack.
  89                 ///
  90                 ///   The `mode' argument is used to notify the expression
  91                 ///   of whether this will be used to read from the address or
  92                 ///   write to the address.
  93                 ///
  94                 ///   This is just a hint that can be used to provide good error
  95                 ///   reporting, and should have no other side effects.
  96                 /// </summary>
  97                 void AddressOf (EmitContext ec, AddressOp mode);
  98         }
  99
 100         //
 101         // An expressions resolved as a direct variable reference
 102         //
 103         public interface IVariableReference : IFixedExpression
 104         {
 105                 bool IsHoisted { get; }
 106                 string Name { get; }
 107                 VariableInfo VariableInfo { get; }
 108
 109                 void SetHasAddressTaken ();
 110         }
 111
 112         //
 113         // Implemented by an expression which could be or is always
 114         // fixed
 115         //
 116         public interface IFixedExpression
 117         {
 118                 bool IsFixed { get; }
 119         }
 120
 121         public interface IExpressionCleanup
 122         {
 123                 void EmitCleanup (EmitContext ec);
 124         }
 125
 126         /// <remarks>
 127         ///   Base class for expressions
 128         /// </remarks>
 129         public abstract class Expression {
 130                 public ExprClass eclass;
 131                 protected TypeSpec type;
 132                 protected Location loc;
 133
 134                 public TypeSpec Type {
 135                         get { return type; }
 136                         set { type = value; }
 137                 }
 138
 139                 public virtual bool IsSideEffectFree {
 140                         get {
 141                                 return false;
 142                         }
 143                 }
 144
 145                 public Location Location {
 146                         get { return loc; }
 147                 }
 148
 149                 public virtual bool IsNull {
 150                         get {
 151                                 return false;
 152                         }
 153                 }
 154
 155                 //
 156                 // Used to workaround parser limitation where we cannot get
 157                 // start of statement expression location
 158                 //
 159                 public virtual Location StartLocation {
 160                         get {
 161                                 return loc;
 162                         }
 163                 }
 164
 165                 public virtual MethodGroupExpr CanReduceLambda (AnonymousMethodBody body)
 166                 {
 167                         //
 168                         // Return method-group expression when the expression can be used as
 169                         // lambda replacement. A good example is array sorting where instead of
 170                         // code like
 171                         //
 172                         //  Array.Sort (s, (a, b) => String.Compare (a, b));
 173                         //
 174                         // we can use method group directly
 175                         //
 176                         //  Array.Sort (s, String.Compare);
 177                         //
 178                         // Correct overload will be used because we do the reduction after
 179                         // best candidate was found.
 180                         //
 181                         return null;
 182                 }
 183
 184                 //
 185                 // Returns true when the expression during Emit phase breaks stack
 186                 // by using await expression
 187                 //
 188                 public virtual bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
 189                 {
 190                         return false;
 191                 }
 192
 193                 /// <summary>
 194                 ///   Performs semantic analysis on the Expression
 195                 /// </summary>
 196                 ///
 197                 /// <remarks>
 198                 ///   The Resolve method is invoked to perform the semantic analysis
 199                 ///   on the node.
 200                 ///
 201                 ///   The return value is an expression (it can be the
 202                 ///   same expression in some cases) or a new
 203                 ///   expression that better represents this node.
 204                 ///
 205                 ///   For example, optimizations of Unary (LiteralInt)
 206                 ///   would return a new LiteralInt with a negated
 207                 ///   value.
 208                 ///
 209                 ///   If there is an error during semantic analysis,
 210                 ///   then an error should be reported (using Report)
 211                 ///   and a null value should be returned.
 212                 ///
 213                 ///   There are two side effects expected from calling
 214                 ///   Resolve(): the the field variable "eclass" should
 215                 ///   be set to any value of the enumeration
 216                 ///   `ExprClass' and the type variable should be set
 217                 ///   to a valid type (this is the type of the
 218                 ///   expression).
 219                 /// </remarks>
 220                 protected abstract Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc);
 221
 222                 public virtual Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
 223                 {
 224                         return null;
 225                 }
 226
 227                 //
 228                 // This is used if the expression should be resolved as a type or namespace name.
 229                 // the default implementation fails.
 230                 //
 231                 public virtual TypeSpec ResolveAsType (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments = false)
 232                 {
 233                         var rc = mc as ResolveContext ?? new ResolveContext (mc);
 234                         Expression e = Resolve (rc);
 235                         if (e != null)
 236                                 e.Error_UnexpectedKind (rc, ResolveFlags.Type, loc);
 237
 238                         return null;
 239                 }
 240
 241                 public static void ErrorIsInaccesible (IMemberContext rc, string member, Location loc)
 242                 {
 243                         rc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (122, loc, "`{0}' is inaccessible due to its protection level", member);
 244                 }
 245
 246                 public void Error_ExpressionMustBeConstant (ResolveContext rc, Location loc, string e_name)
 247                 {
 248                         rc.Report.Error (133, loc, "The expression being assigned to `{0}' must be constant", e_name);
 249                 }
 250
 251                 public void Error_ConstantCanBeInitializedWithNullOnly (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, Location loc, string name)
 252                 {
 253                         rc.Report.Error (134, loc, "A constant `{0}' of reference type `{1}' can only be initialized with null",
 254                                 name, type.GetSignatureForError ());
 255                 }
 256
 257                 protected virtual void Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (Report report, Location loc)
 258                 {
 259                         report.Error (201, loc, "Only assignment, call, increment, decrement, await, and new object expressions can be used as a statement");
 260                 }
 261
 262                 public void Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (BlockContext bc)
 263                 {
 264                         Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (bc.Report, loc);
 265                 }
 266
 267                 public void Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (Report report)
 268                 {
 269                         Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (report, loc);
 270                 }
 271
 272                 public static void Error_VoidInvalidInTheContext (Location loc, Report Report)
 273                 {
 274                         Report.Error (1547, loc, "Keyword `void' cannot be used in this context");
 275                 }
 276
 277                 public virtual void Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
 278                 {
 279                         Error_ValueCannotBeConvertedCore (ec, loc, target, expl);
 280                 }
 281
 282                 protected void Error_ValueCannotBeConvertedCore (ResolveContext ec, Location loc, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
 283                 {
 284                         // The error was already reported as CS1660
 285                         if (type == InternalType.AnonymousMethod)
 286                                 return;
 287
 288                         if (type == InternalType.ErrorType || target == InternalType.ErrorType)
 289                                 return;
 290
 291                         string from_type = type.GetSignatureForError ();
 292                         string to_type = target.GetSignatureForError ();
 293                         if (from_type == to_type) {
 294                                 from_type = type.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
 295                                 to_type = target.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
 296                         }
 297
 298                         if (expl) {
 299                                 ec.Report.Error (30, loc, "Cannot convert type `{0}' to `{1}'",
 300                                         from_type, to_type);
 301                                 return;
 302                         }
 303
 304                         ec.Report.DisableReporting ();
 305                         bool expl_exists = Convert.ExplicitConversion (ec, this, target, Location.Null) != null;
 306                         ec.Report.EnableReporting ();
 307
 308                         if (expl_exists) {
 309                                 ec.Report.Error (266, loc,
 310                                         "Cannot implicitly convert type `{0}' to `{1}'. An explicit conversion exists (are you missing a cast?)",
 311                                         from_type, to_type);
 312                         } else {
 313                                 ec.Report.Error (29, loc, "Cannot implicitly convert type `{0}' to `{1}'",
 314                                         from_type, to_type);
 315                         }
 316                 }
 317
 318                 public void Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (IMemberContext context, MemberSpec member, Location loc)
 319                 {
 320                         // Better message for possible generic expressions
 321                         if (member != null && (member.Kind & MemberKind.GenericMask) != 0) {
 322                                 var report = context.Module.Compiler.Report;
 323                                 report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);
 324                                 if (member is TypeSpec)
 325                                         member = ((TypeSpec) member).GetDefinition ();
 326                                 else
 327                                         member = ((MethodSpec) member).GetGenericMethodDefinition ();
 328
 329                                 string name = member.Kind == MemberKind.Method ? "method" : "type";
 330                                 if (member.IsGeneric) {
 331                                         report.Error (305, loc, "Using the generic {0} `{1}' requires `{2}' type argument(s)",
 332                                                 name, member.GetSignatureForError (), member.Arity.ToString ());
 333                                 } else {
 334                                         report.Error (308, loc, "The non-generic {0} `{1}' cannot be used with the type arguments",
 335                                                 name, member.GetSignatureForError ());
 336                                 }
 337                         } else {
 338                                 Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (context, ExprClassName, GetSignatureForError (), loc);
 339                         }
 340                 }
 341
 342                 public static void Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (IMemberContext context, string exprType, string name, Location loc)
 343                 {
 344                         context.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (307, loc, "The {0} `{1}' cannot be used with type arguments",
 345                                 exprType, name);
 346                 }
 347
 348                 public virtual void Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec type, string name)
 349                 {
 350                         Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ec, loc, type, name);
 351                 }
 352
 353                 public static void Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ResolveContext ec, Location loc, TypeSpec type, string name)
 354                 {
 355                         ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (type);
 356                         ec.Report.Error (117, loc, "`{0}' does not contain a definition for `{1}'",
 357                                 type.GetSignatureForError (), name);
 358                 }
 359
 360                 public virtual void Error_ValueAssignment (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
 361                 {
 362                         if (rhs == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberAccess || rhs == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess) {
 363                                 // Already reported as CS1612
 364                         } else if (rhs == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) {
 365                                 rc.Report.Error (1510, loc, "A ref or out argument must be an assignable variable");
 366                         } else {
 367                                 rc.Report.Error (131, loc, "The left-hand side of an assignment must be a variable, a property or an indexer");
 368                         }
 369                 }
 370
 371                 protected void Error_VoidPointerOperation (ResolveContext rc)
 372                 {
 373                         rc.Report.Error (242, loc, "The operation in question is undefined on void pointers");
 374                 }
 375
 376                 public static void Warning_UnreachableExpression (ResolveContext rc, Location loc)
 377                 {
 378                         rc.Report.Warning (429, 4, loc, "Unreachable expression code detected");
 379                 }
 380
 381                 public ResolveFlags ExprClassToResolveFlags {
 382                         get {
 383                                 switch (eclass) {
 384                                 case ExprClass.Type:
 385                                 case ExprClass.Namespace:
 386                                         return ResolveFlags.Type;
 387
 388                                 case ExprClass.MethodGroup:
 389                                         return ResolveFlags.MethodGroup;
 390
 391                                 case ExprClass.TypeParameter:
 392                                         return ResolveFlags.TypeParameter;
 393
 394                                 case ExprClass.Value:
 395                                 case ExprClass.Variable:
 396                                 case ExprClass.PropertyAccess:
 397                                 case ExprClass.EventAccess:
 398                                 case ExprClass.IndexerAccess:
 399                                         return ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue;
 400
 401                                 default:
 402                                         throw new InternalErrorException (loc.ToString () + " " +  GetType () + " ExprClass is Invalid after resolve");
 403                                 }
 404                         }
 405                 }
 406
 407                 //
 408                 // Implements identical simple name and type-name resolution
 409                 //
 410                 public Expression ProbeIdenticalTypeName (ResolveContext rc, Expression left, SimpleName name)
 411                 {
 412                         var t = left.Type;
 413                         if (t.Kind == MemberKind.InternalCompilerType || t is ElementTypeSpec || t.Arity > 0)
 414                                 return left;
 415
 416                         // In a member access of the form E.I, if E is a single identifier, and if the meaning of E as a simple-name is
 417                         // a constant, field, property, local variable, or parameter with the same type as the meaning of E as a type-name
 418
 419                         if (left is MemberExpr || left is VariableReference) {
 420                                 var identical_type = rc.LookupNamespaceOrType (name.Name, 0, LookupMode.Probing, loc) as TypeExpr;
 421                                 if (identical_type != null && identical_type.Type == left.Type)
 422                                         return identical_type;
 423                         }
 424
 425                         return left;
 426                 }
 427
 428                 public virtual string GetSignatureForError ()
 429                 {
 430                         return type.GetDefinition ().GetSignatureForError ();
 431                 }
 432
 433                 public static bool IsNeverNull (Expression expr)
 434                 {
 435                         if (expr is This || expr is New || expr is ArrayCreation || expr is DelegateCreation || expr is ConditionalMemberAccess)
 436                                 return true;
 437
 438                         var c = expr as Constant;
 439                         if (c != null)
 440                                 return !c.IsNull;
 441
 442                         var tc = expr as TypeCast;
 443                         if (tc != null)
 444                                 return IsNeverNull (tc.Child);
 445
 446                         return false;
 447                 }
 448
 449                 protected static bool IsNullPropagatingValid (TypeSpec type)
 450                 {
 451                         switch (type.Kind) {
 452                         case MemberKind.Struct:
 453                                 return type.IsNullableType;
 454                         case MemberKind.Enum:
 455                         case MemberKind.Void:
 456                         case MemberKind.PointerType:
 457                                 return false;
 458                         case MemberKind.InternalCompilerType:
 459                                 return type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic;
 460                         case MemberKind.TypeParameter:
 461                                 return !((TypeParameterSpec) type).IsValueType;
 462                         default:
 463                                 return true;
 464                         }
 465                 }
 466
 467                 public virtual bool HasConditionalAccess ()
 468                 {
 469                         return false;
 470                 }
 471
 472                 protected static TypeSpec LiftMemberType (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type)
 473                 {
 474                         return TypeSpec.IsValueType (type) && !type.IsNullableType ?
 475                                 Nullable.NullableInfo.MakeType (rc.Module, type) :
 476                                 type;
 477                 }
 478
 479                 /// <summary>
 480                 ///   Resolves an expression and performs semantic analysis on it.
 481                 /// </summary>
 482                 ///
 483                 /// <remarks>
 484                 ///   Currently Resolve wraps DoResolve to perform sanity
 485                 ///   checking and assertion checking on what we expect from Resolve.
 486                 /// </remarks>
 487                 public Expression Resolve (ResolveContext ec, ResolveFlags flags)
 488                 {
 489                         if (eclass != ExprClass.Unresolved) {
 490                                 if ((flags & ExprClassToResolveFlags) == 0) {
 491                                         Error_UnexpectedKind (ec, flags, loc);
 492                                         return null;
 493                                 }
 494
 495                                 return this;
 496                         }
 497
 498                         Expression e;
 499                         try {
 500                                 e = DoResolve (ec);
 501
 502                                 if (e == null)
 503                                         return null;
 504
 505                                 if ((flags & e.ExprClassToResolveFlags) == 0) {
 506                                         e.Error_UnexpectedKind (ec, flags, loc);
 507                                         return null;
 508                                 }
 509
 510                                 if (e.type == null)
 511                                         throw new InternalErrorException ("Expression `{0}' didn't set its type in DoResolve", e.GetType ());
 512
 513                                 return e;
 514                         } catch (Exception ex) {
 515                                 if (loc.IsNull || ec.Module.Compiler.Settings.BreakOnInternalError || ex is CompletionResult || ec.Report.IsDisabled || ex is FatalException ||
 516                                         ec.Report.Printer is NullReportPrinter)
 517                                         throw;
 518
 519                                 ec.Report.Error (584, loc, "Internal compiler error: {0}", ex.Message);
 520                                 return ErrorExpression.Instance;        // TODO: Add location
 521                         }
 522                 }
 523
 524                 /// <summary>
 525                 ///   Resolves an expression and performs semantic analysis on it.
 526                 /// </summary>
 527                 public Expression Resolve (ResolveContext rc)
 528                 {
 529                         return Resolve (rc, ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue | ResolveFlags.MethodGroup);
 530                 }
 531
 532                 /// <summary>
 533                 ///   Resolves an expression for LValue assignment
 534                 /// </summary>
 535                 ///
 536                 /// <remarks>
 537                 ///   Currently ResolveLValue wraps DoResolveLValue to perform sanity
 538                 ///   checking and assertion checking on what we expect from Resolve
 539                 /// </remarks>
 540                 public Expression ResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
 541                 {
 542                         int errors = ec.Report.Errors;
 543                         bool out_access = right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess;
 544
 545                         Expression e = DoResolveLValue (ec, right_side);
 546
 547                         if (e != null && out_access && !(e is IMemoryLocation)) {
 548                                 // FIXME: There's no problem with correctness, the 'Expr = null' handles that.
 549                                 //        Enabling this 'throw' will "only" result in deleting useless code elsewhere,
 550
 551                                 //throw new InternalErrorException ("ResolveLValue didn't return an IMemoryLocation: " +
 552                                 //                                e.GetType () + " " + e.GetSignatureForError ());
 553                                 e = null;
 554                         }
 555
 556                         if (e == null) {
 557                                 if (errors == ec.Report.Errors) {
 558                                         Error_ValueAssignment (ec, right_side);
 559                                 }
 560                                 return null;
 561                         }
 562
 563                         if (e.eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved)
 564                                 throw new Exception ("Expression " + e + " ExprClass is Invalid after resolve");
 565
 566                         if ((e.type == null) && !(e is GenericTypeExpr))
 567                                 throw new Exception ("Expression " + e + " did not set its type after Resolve");
 568
 569                         return e;
 570                 }
 571
 572                 public Constant ResolveLabelConstant (ResolveContext rc)
 573                 {
 574                         var expr = Resolve (rc);
 575                         if (expr == null)
 576                                 return null;
 577
 578                         Constant c = expr as Constant;
 579                         if (c == null) {
 580                                 if (expr.type != InternalType.ErrorType)
 581                                         rc.Report.Error (150, expr.StartLocation, "A constant value is expected");
 582
 583                                 return null;
 584                         }
 585
 586                         return c;
 587                 }
 588
 589                 public virtual void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
 590                 {
 591                         if (Attribute.IsValidArgumentType (parameterType)) {
 592                                 rc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (182, loc,
 593                                         "An attribute argument must be a constant expression, typeof expression or array creation expression");
 594                         } else {
 595                                 rc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (181, loc,
 596                                         "Attribute constructor parameter has type `{0}', which is not a valid attribute parameter type",
 597                                         targetType.GetSignatureForError ());
 598                         }
 599                 }
 600
 601                 /// <summary>
 602                 ///   Emits the code for the expression
 603                 /// </summary>
 604                 ///
 605                 /// <remarks>
 606                 ///   The Emit method is invoked to generate the code
 607                 ///   for the expression.
 608                 /// </remarks>
 609                 public abstract void Emit (EmitContext ec);
 610
 611
 612                 // Emit code to branch to @target if this expression is equivalent to @on_true.
 613                 // The default implementation is to emit the value, and then emit a brtrue or brfalse.
 614                 // Subclasses can provide more efficient implementations, but those MUST be equivalent,
 615                 // including the use of conditional branches.  Note also that a branch MUST be emitted
 616                 public virtual void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label target, bool on_true)
 617                 {
 618                         Emit (ec);
 619                         ec.Emit (on_true ? OpCodes.Brtrue : OpCodes.Brfalse, target);
 620                 }
 621
 622                 // Emit this expression for its side effects, not for its value.
 623                 // The default implementation is to emit the value, and then throw it away.
 624                 // Subclasses can provide more efficient implementations, but those MUST be equivalent
 625                 public virtual void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
 626                 {
 627                         Emit (ec);
 628                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Pop);
 629                 }
 630
 631                 //
 632                 // Emits the expression into temporary field variable. The method
 633                 // should be used for await expressions only
 634                 //
 635                 public virtual Expression EmitToField (EmitContext ec)
 636                 {
 637                         //
 638                         // This is the await prepare Emit method. When emitting code like
 639                         // a + b we emit code like
 640                         //
 641                         // a.Emit ()
 642                         // b.Emit ()
 643                         // Opcodes.Add
 644                         //
 645                         // For await a + await b we have to interfere the flow to keep the
 646                         // stack clean because await yields from the expression. The emit
 647                         // then changes to
 648                         //
 649                         // a = a.EmitToField () // a is changed to temporary field access
 650                         // b = b.EmitToField ()
 651                         // a.Emit ()
 652                         // b.Emit ()
 653                         // Opcodes.Add
 654                         //
 655                         //
 656                         // The idea is to emit expression and leave the stack empty with
 657                         // result value still available.
 658                         //
 659                         // Expressions should override this default implementation when
 660                         // optimized version can be provided (e.g. FieldExpr)
 661                         //
 662                         //
 663                         // We can optimize for side-effect free expressions, they can be
 664                         // emitted out of order
 665                         //
 666                         if (IsSideEffectFree)
 667                                 return this;
 668
 669                         bool needs_temporary = ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
 670                         if (!needs_temporary)
 671                                 ec.EmitThis ();
 672
 673                         // Emit original code
 674                         var field = EmitToFieldSource (ec);
 675                         if (field == null) {
 676                                 //
 677                                 // Store the result to temporary field when we
 678                                 // cannot load `this' directly
 679                                 //
 680                                 field = ec.GetTemporaryField (type);
 681                                 if (needs_temporary) {
 682                                         //
 683                                         // Create temporary local (we cannot load `this' before Emit)
 684                                         //
 685                                         var temp = ec.GetTemporaryLocal (type);
 686                                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stloc, temp);
 687
 688                                         ec.EmitThis ();
 689                                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldloc, temp);
 690                                         field.EmitAssignFromStack (ec);
 691
 692                                         ec.FreeTemporaryLocal (temp, type);
 693                                 } else {
 694                                         field.EmitAssignFromStack (ec);
 695                                 }
 696                         }
 697
 698                         return field;
 699                 }
 700
 701                 protected virtual FieldExpr EmitToFieldSource (EmitContext ec)
 702                 {
 703                         //
 704                         // Default implementation calls Emit method
 705                         //
 706                         Emit (ec);
 707                         return null;
 708                 }
 709
 710                 protected static void EmitExpressionsList (EmitContext ec, List<Expression> expressions)
 711                 {
 712                         if (ec.HasSet (BuilderContext.Options.AsyncBody)) {
 713                                 bool contains_await = false;
 714
 715                                 for (int i = 1; i < expressions.Count; ++i) {
 716                                         if (expressions[i].ContainsEmitWithAwait ()) {
 717                                                 contains_await = true;
 718                                                 break;
 719                                         }
 720                                 }
 721
 722                                 if (contains_await) {
 723                                         for (int i = 0; i < expressions.Count; ++i) {
 724                                                 expressions[i] = expressions[i].EmitToField (ec);
 725                                         }
 726                                 }
 727                         }
 728
 729                         for (int i = 0; i < expressions.Count; ++i) {
 730                                 expressions[i].Emit (ec);
 731                         }
 732                 }
 733
 734                 /// <summary>
 735                 ///   Protected constructor.  Only derivate types should
 736                 ///   be able to be created
 737                 /// </summary>
 738
 739                 protected Expression ()
 740                 {
 741                 }
 742
 743                 /// <summary>
 744                 ///   Returns a fully formed expression after a MemberLookup
 745                 /// </summary>
 746                 ///
 747                 static Expression ExprClassFromMemberInfo (MemberSpec spec, Location loc)
 748                 {
 749                         if (spec is EventSpec)
 750                                 return new EventExpr ((EventSpec) spec, loc);
 751                         if (spec is ConstSpec)
 752                                 return new ConstantExpr ((ConstSpec) spec, loc);
 753                         if (spec is FieldSpec)
 754                                 return new FieldExpr ((FieldSpec) spec, loc);
 755                         if (spec is PropertySpec)
 756                                 return new PropertyExpr ((PropertySpec) spec, loc);
 757                         if (spec is TypeSpec)
 758                                 return new TypeExpression (((TypeSpec) spec), loc);
 759
 760                         return null;
 761                 }
 762
 763                 public static MethodSpec ConstructorLookup (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, ref Arguments args, Location loc)
 764                 {
 765                         var ctors = MemberCache.FindMembers (type, Constructor.ConstructorName, true);
 766                         if (ctors == null) {
 767                                 switch (type.Kind) {
 768                                 case MemberKind.Struct:
 769                                         // Every struct has implicit default constructor if not provided by user
 770                                         if (args == null)
 771                                                 return null;
 772
 773                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (type);
 774                                         // Report meaningful error for struct as they always have default ctor in C# context
 775                                         OverloadResolver.Error_ConstructorMismatch (rc, type, args == null ? 0 : args.Count, loc);
 776                                         break;
 777                                 case MemberKind.MissingType:
 778                                 case MemberKind.InternalCompilerType:
 779 // LAMESPEC: dynamic is not really object
 780 //                                      if (type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object)
 781 //                                              goto default;
 782                                         break;
 783                                 default:
 784                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (type);
 785                                         rc.Report.Error (143, loc, "The class `{0}' has no constructors defined",
 786                                                 type.GetSignatureForError ());
 787                                         break;
 788                                 }
 789
 790                                 return null;
 791                         }
 792
 793                         if (args == null && type.IsStruct) {
 794                                 bool includes_empty = false;
 795                                 foreach (MethodSpec ctor in ctors) {
 796                                         if (ctor.Parameters.IsEmpty) {
 797                                                 includes_empty = true;
 798                                         }
 799                                 }
 800
 801                                 if (!includes_empty)
 802                                         return null;
 803                         }
 804
 805                         var r = new OverloadResolver (ctors, OverloadResolver.Restrictions.NoBaseMembers, loc);
 806                         if (!rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.BaseInitializer)) {
 807                                 r.InstanceQualifier = new ConstructorInstanceQualifier (type);
 808                         }
 809
 810                         return r.ResolveMember<MethodSpec> (rc, ref args);
 811                 }
 812
 813                 [Flags]
 814                 public enum MemberLookupRestrictions
 815                 {
 816                         None = 0,
 817                         InvocableOnly = 1,
 818                         ExactArity = 1 << 2,
 819                         ReadAccess = 1 << 3,
 820                         EmptyArguments = 1 << 4,
 821                         IgnoreArity = 1 << 5,
 822                         IgnoreAmbiguity = 1 << 6,
 823                         NameOfExcluded = 1 << 7,
 824                         DontSetConditionalAccess = 1 << 8
 825                 }
 826
 827                 //
 828                 // Lookup type `queried_type' for code in class `container_type' with a qualifier of
 829                 // `qualifier_type' or null to lookup members in the current class.
 830                 //
 831                 public static Expression MemberLookup (IMemberContext rc, bool errorMode, TypeSpec queried_type, string name, int arity, MemberLookupRestrictions restrictions, Location loc)
 832                 {
 833                         var members = MemberCache.FindMembers (queried_type, name, false);
 834                         if (members == null)
 835                                 return null;
 836
 837                         Expression expr;
 838                         do {
 839                                 expr = MemberLookupToExpression (rc, members, errorMode, queried_type, name, arity, restrictions, loc);
 840                                 if (expr != null)
 841                                         return expr;
 842
 843                                 if (members [0].DeclaringType.BaseType == null)
 844                                         members = null;
 845                                 else
 846                                         members = MemberCache.FindMembers (members [0].DeclaringType.BaseType, name, false);
 847                         } while (members != null);
 848
 849                         return expr;
 850                 }
 851
 852                 public static Expression MemberLookupToExpression (IMemberContext rc, IList<MemberSpec> members, bool errorMode, TypeSpec queried_type, string name, int arity, MemberLookupRestrictions restrictions, Location loc)
 853                 {
 854                         MemberSpec non_method = null;
 855                         MemberSpec ambig_non_method = null;
 856
 857                         for (int i = 0; i < members.Count; ++i) {
 858                                 var member = members [i];
 859
 860                                 // HACK: for events because +=/-= can appear at same class only, should use OverrideToBase there
 861                                 if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.OVERRIDE) != 0 && member.Kind != MemberKind.Event)
 862                                         continue;
 863
 864                                 if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.BACKING_FIELD) != 0 || member.Kind == MemberKind.Operator)
 865                                         continue;
 866
 867                                 if ((arity > 0 || (restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.ExactArity) != 0) && member.Arity != arity)
 868                                         continue;
 869
 870                                 if (!errorMode) {
 871                                         if (!member.IsAccessible (rc))
 872                                                 continue;
 873
 874                                         //
 875                                         // With runtime binder we can have a situation where queried type is inaccessible
 876                                         // because it came via dynamic object, the check about inconsisted accessibility
 877                                         // had no effect as the type was unknown during compilation
 878                                         //
 879                                         // class A {
 880                                         //              private class N { }
 881                                         //
 882                                         //              public dynamic Foo ()
 883                                         //              {
 884                                         //                      return new N ();
 885                                         //              }
 886                                         //      }
 887                                         //
 888                                         if (rc.Module.Compiler.IsRuntimeBinder && !member.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc))
 889                                                 continue;
 890                                 }
 891
 892                                 if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly) != 0) {
 893                                         if (member is MethodSpec) {
 894                                                 //
 895                                                 // Interface members that are hidden by class members are removed from the set. This
 896                                                 // step only has an effect if T is a type parameter and T has both an effective base
 897                                                 // class other than object and a non-empty effective interface set
 898                                                 //
 899                                                 var tps = queried_type as TypeParameterSpec;
 900                                                 if (tps != null && tps.HasTypeConstraint)
 901                                                         members = RemoveHiddenTypeParameterMethods (members);
 902
 903                                                 return new MethodGroupExpr (members, queried_type, loc);
 904                                         }
 905
 906                                         if (!Invocation.IsMemberInvocable (member))
 907                                                 continue;
 908                                 }
 909
 910                                 if (non_method == null || member is MethodSpec || non_method.IsNotCSharpCompatible) {
 911                                         non_method = member;
 912                                 } else if (!errorMode && !member.IsNotCSharpCompatible) {
 913                                         //
 914                                         // Interface members that are hidden by class members are removed from the set when T is a type parameter and
 915                                         // T has both an effective base class other than object and a non-empty effective interface set.
 916                                         //
 917                                         // The spec has more complex rules but we simply remove all members declared in an interface declaration.
 918                                         //
 919                                         var tps = queried_type as TypeParameterSpec;
 920                                         if (tps != null && tps.HasTypeConstraint) {
 921                                                 if (non_method.DeclaringType.IsClass && member.DeclaringType.IsInterface)
 922                                                         continue;
 923
 924                                                 if (non_method.DeclaringType.IsInterface && member.DeclaringType.IsInterface) {
 925                                                         non_method = member;
 926                                                         continue;
 927                                                 }
 928                                         }
 929
 930                                         ambig_non_method = member;
 931                                 }
 932                         }
 933
 934                         if (non_method != null) {
 935                                 if (ambig_non_method != null && rc != null && (restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.IgnoreAmbiguity) == 0) {
 936                                         var report = rc.Module.Compiler.Report;
 937                                         report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (non_method);
 938                                         report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (ambig_non_method);
 939                                         report.Error (229, loc, "Ambiguity between `{0}' and `{1}'",
 940                                                 non_method.GetSignatureForError (), ambig_non_method.GetSignatureForError ());
 941                                 }
 942
 943                                 if (non_method is MethodSpec)
 944                                         return new MethodGroupExpr (members, queried_type, loc);
 945
 946                                 return ExprClassFromMemberInfo (non_method, loc);
 947                         }
 948
 949                         return null;
 950                 }
 951
 952                 static IList<MemberSpec> RemoveHiddenTypeParameterMethods (IList<MemberSpec> members)
 953                 {
 954                         if (members.Count < 2)
 955                                 return members;
 956
 957                         //
 958                         // If M is a method, then all non-method members declared in an interface declaration
 959                         // are removed from the set, and all methods with the same signature as M declared in
 960                         // an interface declaration are removed from the set
 961                         //
 962
 963                         bool copied = false;
 964                         for (int i = 0; i < members.Count; ++i) {
 965                                 var method = members[i] as MethodSpec;
 966                                 if (method == null) {
 967                                         if (!copied) {
 968                                                 copied = true;
 969                                                 members = new List<MemberSpec> (members);
 970                                         }
 971
 972                                         members.RemoveAt (i--);
 973                                         continue;
 974                                 }
 975
 976                                 if (!method.DeclaringType.IsInterface)
 977                                         continue;
 978
 979                                 for (int ii = 0; ii < members.Count; ++ii) {
 980                                         var candidate = members[ii] as MethodSpec;
 981                                         if (candidate == null || !candidate.DeclaringType.IsClass)
 982                                                 continue;
 983
 984                                         if (!TypeSpecComparer.Override.IsEqual (candidate.Parameters, method.Parameters))
 985                                                 continue;
 986
 987                                         if (!AParametersCollection.HasSameParameterDefaults (candidate.Parameters, method.Parameters))
 988                                                 continue;
 989
 990                                         if (!copied) {
 991                                                 copied = true;
 992                                                 members = new List<MemberSpec> (members);
 993                                         }
 994
 995                                         members.RemoveAt (i--);
 996                                         break;
 997                                 }
 998                         }
 999
1000                         return members;
1001                 }
1002
1003                 protected static void Error_NamedArgument (NamedArgument na, Report Report)
1004                 {
1005                         Report.Error (1742, na.Location, "An element access expression cannot use named argument");
1006                 }
1007
1008                 protected virtual void Error_NegativeArrayIndex (ResolveContext ec, Location loc)
1009                 {
1010                         throw new NotImplementedException ();
1011                 }
1012
1013                 public virtual void Error_OperatorCannotBeApplied (ResolveContext rc, Location loc, string oper, TypeSpec t)
1014                 {
1015                         if (t == InternalType.ErrorType)
1016                                 return;
1017
1018                         rc.Report.Error (23, loc, "The `{0}' operator cannot be applied to operand of type `{1}'",
1019                                 oper, t.GetSignatureForError ());
1020                 }
1021
1022                 protected void Error_PointerInsideExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
1023                 {
1024                         ec.Report.Error (1944, loc, "An expression tree cannot contain an unsafe pointer operation");
1025                 }
1026
1027                 protected void Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ResolveContext rc)
1028                 {
1029                         rc.Report.Error (8072, loc, "An expression tree cannot contain a null propagating operator");
1030                 }
1031
1032                 protected void Error_NullPropagatingLValue (ResolveContext rc)
1033                 {
1034                         rc.Report.Error (-1030, loc, "The left-hand side of an assignment cannot contain a null propagating operator");
1035                 }
1036
1037                 public virtual void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
1038                 {
1039                 }
1040
1041                 //
1042                 // Special version of flow analysis for expressions which can return different
1043                 // on-true and on-false result. Used by &&, ||, ?: expressions
1044                 //
1045                 public virtual void FlowAnalysisConditional (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
1046                 {
1047                         FlowAnalysis (fc);
1048                         fc.DefiniteAssignmentOnTrue = fc.DefiniteAssignmentOnFalse = fc.DefiniteAssignment;
1049                 }
1050
1051                 /// <summary>
1052                 ///   Returns an expression that can be used to invoke operator true
1053                 ///   on the expression if it exists.
1054                 /// </summary>
1055                 protected static Expression GetOperatorTrue (ResolveContext ec, Expression e, Location loc)
1056                 {
1057                         return GetOperatorTrueOrFalse (ec, e, true, loc);
1058                 }
1059
1060                 /// <summary>
1061                 ///   Returns an expression that can be used to invoke operator false
1062                 ///   on the expression if it exists.
1063                 /// </summary>
1064                 protected static Expression GetOperatorFalse (ResolveContext ec, Expression e, Location loc)
1065                 {
1066                         return GetOperatorTrueOrFalse (ec, e, false, loc);
1067                 }
1068
1069                 static Expression GetOperatorTrueOrFalse (ResolveContext ec, Expression e, bool is_true, Location loc)
1070                 {
1071                         var op = is_true ? Operator.OpType.True : Operator.OpType.False;
1072                         var type = e.type;
1073                         if (type.IsNullableType)
1074                                 type = Nullable.NullableInfo.GetUnderlyingType (type);
1075
1076                         var methods = MemberCache.GetUserOperator (type, op, false);
1077                         if (methods == null)
1078                                 return null;
1079
1080                         Arguments arguments = new Arguments (1);
1081                         arguments.Add (new Argument (e));
1082
1083                         var res = new OverloadResolver (methods, OverloadResolver.Restrictions.BaseMembersIncluded | OverloadResolver.Restrictions.NoBaseMembers, loc);
1084                         var oper = res.ResolveOperator (ec, ref arguments);
1085
1086                         if (oper == null)
1087                                 return null;
1088
1089                         return new UserOperatorCall (oper, arguments, null, loc);
1090                 }
1091
1092                 public virtual string ExprClassName
1093                 {
1094                         get {
1095                                 switch (eclass){
1096                                 case ExprClass.Unresolved:
1097                                         return "Unresolved";
1098                                 case ExprClass.Value:
1099                                         return "value";
1100                                 case ExprClass.Variable:
1101                                         return "variable";
1102                                 case ExprClass.Namespace:
1103                                         return "namespace";
1104                                 case ExprClass.Type:
1105                                         return "type";
1106                                 case ExprClass.MethodGroup:
1107                                         return "method group";
1108                                 case ExprClass.PropertyAccess:
1109                                         return "property access";
1110                                 case ExprClass.EventAccess:
1111                                         return "event access";
1112                                 case ExprClass.IndexerAccess:
1113                                         return "indexer access";
1114                                 case ExprClass.Nothing:
1115                                         return "null";
1116                                 case ExprClass.TypeParameter:
1117                                         return "type parameter";
1118                                 }
1119                                 throw new Exception ("Should not happen");
1120                         }
1121                 }
1122
1123                 /// <summary>
1124                 ///   Reports that we were expecting `expr' to be of class `expected'
1125                 /// </summary>
1126                 public static void Error_UnexpectedKind (IMemberContext ctx, Expression memberExpr, string expected, string was, Location loc)
1127                 {
1128                         var name = memberExpr.GetSignatureForError ();
1129
1130                         ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (118, loc, "`{0}' is a `{1}' but a `{2}' was expected", name, was, expected);
1131                 }
1132
1133                 public virtual void Error_UnexpectedKind (ResolveContext ec, ResolveFlags flags, Location loc)
1134                 {
1135                         string [] valid = new string [4];
1136                         int count = 0;
1137
1138                         if ((flags & ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue) != 0) {
1139                                 valid [count++] = "variable";
1140                                 valid [count++] = "value";
1141                         }
1142
1143                         if ((flags & ResolveFlags.Type) != 0)
1144                                 valid [count++] = "type";
1145
1146                         if ((flags & ResolveFlags.MethodGroup) != 0)
1147                                 valid [count++] = "method group";
1148
1149                         if (count == 0)
1150                                 valid [count++] = "unknown";
1151
1152                         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder (valid [0]);
1153                         for (int i = 1; i < count - 1; i++) {
1154                                 sb.Append ("', `");
1155                                 sb.Append (valid [i]);
1156                         }
1157                         if (count > 1) {
1158                                 sb.Append ("' or `");
1159                                 sb.Append (valid [count - 1]);
1160                         }
1161
1162                         ec.Report.Error (119, loc,
1163                                 "Expression denotes a `{0}', where a `{1}' was expected", ExprClassName, sb.ToString ());
1164                 }
1165
1166                 public static void UnsafeError (ResolveContext ec, Location loc)
1167                 {
1168                         UnsafeError (ec.Report, loc);
1169                 }
1170
1171                 public static void UnsafeError (Report Report, Location loc)
1172                 {
1173                         Report.Error (214, loc, "Pointers and fixed size buffers may only be used in an unsafe context");
1174                 }
1175
1176                 //
1177                 // Converts `source' to an int, uint, long or ulong.
1178                 //
1179                 protected Expression ConvertExpressionToArrayIndex (ResolveContext ec, Expression source, bool pointerArray = false)
1180                 {
1181                         var btypes = ec.BuiltinTypes;
1182
1183                         if (source.type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic) {
1184                                 Arguments args = new Arguments (1);
1185                                 args.Add (new Argument (source));
1186                                 return new DynamicConversion (btypes.Int, CSharpBinderFlags.ConvertArrayIndex, args, source.loc).Resolve (ec);
1187                         }
1188
1189                         Expression converted;
1190
1191                         using (ec.Set (ResolveContext.Options.CheckedScope)) {
1192                                 converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.Int, source.loc);
1193                                 if (converted == null)
1194                                         converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.UInt, source.loc);
1195                                 if (converted == null)
1196                                         converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.Long, source.loc);
1197                                 if (converted == null)
1198                                         converted = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, source, btypes.ULong, source.loc);
1199
1200                                 if (converted == null) {
1201                                         source.Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ec, btypes.Int, false);
1202                                         return null;
1203                                 }
1204                         }
1205
1206                         if (pointerArray)
1207                                 return converted;
1208
1209                         //
1210                         // Only positive constants are allowed at compile time
1211                         //
1212                         Constant c = converted as Constant;
1213                         if (c != null && c.IsNegative)
1214                                 Error_NegativeArrayIndex (ec, source.loc);
1215
1216                         // No conversion needed to array index
1217                         if (converted.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int)
1218                                 return converted;
1219
1220                         return new ArrayIndexCast (converted, btypes.Int).Resolve (ec);
1221                 }
1222
1223                 public Expression MakePointerAccess (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, Arguments args)
1224                 {
1225                         if (args.Count != 1){
1226                                 rc.Report.Error (196, loc, "A pointer must be indexed by only one value");
1227                                 return null;
1228                         }
1229
1230                         var arg = args [0];
1231                         if (arg is NamedArgument)
1232                                 Error_NamedArgument ((NamedArgument) arg, rc.Report);
1233
1234                         var index = arg.Expr.Resolve (rc);
1235                         if (index == null)
1236                                 return null;
1237
1238                         index = ConvertExpressionToArrayIndex (rc, index, true);
1239
1240                         Expression p = new PointerArithmetic (Binary.Operator.Addition, this, index, type, loc);
1241                         return new Indirection (p, loc);
1242                 }
1243
1244                 //
1245                 // Derived classes implement this method by cloning the fields that
1246                 // could become altered during the Resolve stage
1247                 //
1248                 // Only expressions that are created for the parser need to implement
1249                 // this.
1250                 //
1251                 protected virtual void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
1252                 {
1253                         throw new NotImplementedException (
1254                                 String.Format (
1255                                         "CloneTo not implemented for expression {0}", this.GetType ()));
1256                 }
1257
1258                 //
1259                 // Clones an expression created by the parser.
1260                 //
1261                 // We only support expressions created by the parser so far, not
1262                 // expressions that have been resolved (many more classes would need
1263                 // to implement CloneTo).
1264                 //
1265                 // This infrastructure is here merely for Lambda expressions which
1266                 // compile the same code using different type values for the same
1267                 // arguments to find the correct overload
1268                 //
1269                 public virtual Expression Clone (CloneContext clonectx)
1270                 {
1271                         Expression cloned = (Expression) MemberwiseClone ();
1272                         CloneTo (clonectx, cloned);
1273
1274                         return cloned;
1275                 }
1276
1277                 //
1278                 // Implementation of expression to expression tree conversion
1279                 //
1280                 public abstract Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec);
1281
1282                 protected Expression CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ResolveContext ec, string name, Arguments args)
1283                 {
1284                         return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, name, null, args, loc);
1285                 }
1286
1287                 protected Expression CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ResolveContext ec, string name, TypeArguments typeArguments, Arguments args)
1288                 {
1289                         return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, name, typeArguments, args, loc);
1290                 }
1291
1292                 public static Expression CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ResolveContext ec, string name, TypeArguments typeArguments, Arguments args, Location loc)
1293                 {
1294                         return new Invocation (new MemberAccess (CreateExpressionTypeExpression (ec, loc), name, typeArguments, loc), args);
1295                 }
1296
1297                 protected static TypeExpr CreateExpressionTypeExpression (ResolveContext ec, Location loc)
1298                 {
1299                         var t = ec.Module.PredefinedTypes.Expression.Resolve ();
1300                         if (t == null)
1301                                 return null;
1302
1303                         return new TypeExpression (t, loc);
1304                 }
1305
1306                 //
1307                 // Implemented by all expressions which support conversion from
1308                 // compiler expression to invokable runtime expression. Used by
1309                 // dynamic C# binder.
1310                 //
1311                 public virtual SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
1312                 {
1313                         throw new NotImplementedException ("MakeExpression for " + GetType ());
1314                 }
1315
1316                 public virtual object Accept (StructuralVisitor visitor)
1317                 {
1318                         return visitor.Visit (this);
1319                 }
1320         }
1321
1322         /// <summary>
1323         ///   This is just a base class for expressions that can
1324         ///   appear on statements (invocations, object creation,
1325         ///   assignments, post/pre increment and decrement).  The idea
1326         ///   being that they would support an extra Emition interface that
1327         ///   does not leave a result on the stack.
1328         /// </summary>
1329         public abstract class ExpressionStatement : Expression
1330         {
1331                 public virtual void MarkReachable (Reachability rc)
1332                 {
1333                 }
1334
1335                 public ExpressionStatement ResolveStatement (BlockContext ec)
1336                 {
1337                         Expression e = Resolve (ec);
1338                         if (e == null)
1339                                 return null;
1340
1341                         ExpressionStatement es = e as ExpressionStatement;
1342                         if (es == null || e is AnonymousMethodBody) {
1343                                 var reduced = e as IReducedExpressionStatement;
1344                                 if (reduced != null) {
1345                                         return EmptyExpressionStatement.Instance;
1346                                 }
1347
1348                                 Error_InvalidExpressionStatement (ec);
1349                         }
1350
1351                         //
1352                         // This is quite expensive warning, try to limit the damage
1353                         //
1354                         if (MemberAccess.IsValidDotExpression (e.Type) && !(e is Assign || e is Await)) {
1355                                 WarningAsyncWithoutWait (ec, e);
1356                         }
1357
1358                         return es;
1359                 }
1360
1361                 static void WarningAsyncWithoutWait (BlockContext bc, Expression e)
1362                 {
1363                         if (bc.CurrentAnonymousMethod is AsyncInitializer) {
1364                                 var awaiter = new AwaitStatement.AwaitableMemberAccess (e) {
1365                                         ProbingMode = true
1366                                 };
1367
1368                                 //
1369                                 // Need to do full resolve because GetAwaiter can be extension method
1370                                 // available only in this context
1371                                 //
1372                                 var mg = awaiter.Resolve (bc) as MethodGroupExpr;
1373                                 if (mg == null)
1374                                         return;
1375
1376                                 var arguments = new Arguments (0);
1377                                 mg = mg.OverloadResolve (bc, ref arguments, null, OverloadResolver.Restrictions.ProbingOnly);
1378                                 if (mg == null)
1379                                         return;
1380
1381                                 //
1382                                 // Use same check rules as for real await
1383                                 //
1384                                 var awaiter_definition = bc.Module.GetAwaiter (mg.BestCandidateReturnType);
1385                                 if (!awaiter_definition.IsValidPattern || !awaiter_definition.INotifyCompletion)
1386                                         return;
1387
1388                                 bc.Report.Warning (4014, 1, e.Location,
1389                                         "The statement is not awaited and execution of current method continues before the call is completed. Consider using `await' operator");
1390                                 return;
1391                         }
1392
1393                         var inv = e as Invocation;
1394                         if (inv != null && inv.MethodGroup != null && inv.MethodGroup.BestCandidate.IsAsync) {
1395                                 // The warning won't be reported for imported methods to maintain warning compatiblity with csc
1396                                 bc.Report.Warning (4014, 1, e.Location,
1397                                         "The statement is not awaited and execution of current method continues before the call is completed. Consider using `await' operator or calling `Wait' method");
1398                                 return;
1399                         }
1400                 }
1401
1402                 /// <summary>
1403                 ///   Requests the expression to be emitted in a `statement'
1404                 ///   context.  This means that no new value is left on the
1405                 ///   stack after invoking this method (constrasted with
1406                 ///   Emit that will always leave a value on the stack).
1407                 /// </summary>
1408                 public abstract void EmitStatement (EmitContext ec);
1409
1410                 public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
1411                 {
1412                         EmitStatement (ec);
1413                 }
1414         }
1415
1416         interface IReducedExpressionStatement
1417         {
1418         }
1419
1420         /// <summary>
1421         ///   This kind of cast is used to encapsulate the child
1422         ///   whose type is child.Type into an expression that is
1423         ///   reported to return "return_type".  This is used to encapsulate
1424         ///   expressions which have compatible types, but need to be dealt
1425         ///   at higher levels with.
1426         ///
1427         ///   For example, a "byte" expression could be encapsulated in one
1428         ///   of these as an "unsigned int".  The type for the expression
1429         ///   would be "unsigned int".
1430         ///
1431         /// </summary>
1432         public abstract class TypeCast : Expression
1433         {
1434                 protected readonly Expression child;
1435
1436                 protected TypeCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type)
1437                 {
1438                         eclass = child.eclass;
1439                         loc = child.Location;
1440                         type = return_type;
1441                         this.child = child;
1442                 }
1443
1444                 public Expression Child {
1445                         get {
1446                                 return child;
1447                         }
1448                 }
1449
1450                 public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
1451                 {
1452                         return child.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
1453                 }
1454
1455                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
1456                 {
1457                         Arguments args = new Arguments (2);
1458                         args.Add (new Argument (child.CreateExpressionTree (ec)));
1459                         args.Add (new Argument (new TypeOf (type, loc)));
1460
1461                         if (type.IsPointer || child.Type.IsPointer)
1462                                 Error_PointerInsideExpressionTree (ec);
1463
1464                         return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.CheckedScope) ? "ConvertChecked" : "Convert", args);
1465                 }
1466
1467                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
1468                 {
1469                         // This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
1470                         // initialized state.
1471
1472                         return this;
1473                 }
1474
1475                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
1476                 {
1477                         child.Emit (ec);
1478                 }
1479
1480                 public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
1481                 {
1482                         child.FlowAnalysis (fc);
1483                 }
1484
1485                 public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
1486                 {
1487 #if STATIC
1488                         return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
1489 #else
1490                         return ctx.HasSet (BuilderContext.Options.CheckedScope) ?
1491                                 SLE.Expression.ConvertChecked (child.MakeExpression (ctx), type.GetMetaInfo ()) :
1492                                 SLE.Expression.Convert (child.MakeExpression (ctx), type.GetMetaInfo ());
1493 #endif
1494                 }
1495
1496                 protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression t)
1497                 {
1498                         // Nothing to clone
1499                 }
1500
1501                 public override bool IsNull {
1502                         get { return child.IsNull; }
1503                 }
1504         }
1505
1506         public class EmptyCast : TypeCast {
1507                 EmptyCast (Expression child, TypeSpec target_type)
1508                         : base (child, target_type)
1509                 {
1510                 }
1511
1512                 public static Expression Create (Expression child, TypeSpec type)
1513                 {
1514                         Constant c = child as Constant;
1515                         if (c != null) {
1516                                 var enum_constant = c as EnumConstant;
1517                                 if (enum_constant != null)
1518                                         c = enum_constant.Child;
1519
1520                                 if (!(c is ReducedExpression.ReducedConstantExpression)) {
1521                                         if (c.Type == type)
1522                                                 return c;
1523
1524                                         var res = c.ConvertImplicitly (type);
1525                                         if (res != null)
1526                                                 return res;
1527                                 }
1528                         }
1529
1530                         EmptyCast e = child as EmptyCast;
1531                         if (e != null)
1532                                 return new EmptyCast (e.child, type);
1533
1534                         return new EmptyCast (child, type);
1535                 }
1536
1537                 public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label label, bool on_true)
1538                 {
1539                         child.EmitBranchable (ec, label, on_true);
1540                 }
1541
1542                 public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
1543                 {
1544                         child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
1545                 }
1546         }
1547
1548         //
1549         // Used for predefined type user operator (no obsolete check, etc.)
1550         //
1551         public class OperatorCast : TypeCast
1552         {
1553                 readonly MethodSpec conversion_operator;
1554
1555                 public OperatorCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec target_type)
1556                         : this (expr, target_type, target_type, false)
1557                 {
1558                 }
1559
1560                 public OperatorCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec target_type, bool find_explicit)
1561                         : this (expr, target_type, target_type, find_explicit)
1562                 {
1563                 }
1564
1565                 public OperatorCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec declaringType, TypeSpec returnType, bool isExplicit)
1566                         : base (expr, returnType)
1567                 {
1568                         var op = isExplicit ? Operator.OpType.Explicit : Operator.OpType.Implicit;
1569                         var mi = MemberCache.GetUserOperator (declaringType, op, true);
1570
1571                         if (mi != null) {
1572                                 foreach (MethodSpec oper in mi) {
1573                                         if (oper.ReturnType != returnType)
1574                                                 continue;
1575
1576                                         if (oper.Parameters.Types[0] == expr.Type) {
1577                                                 conversion_operator = oper;
1578                                                 return;
1579                                         }
1580                                 }
1581                         }
1582
1583                         throw new InternalErrorException ("Missing predefined user operator between `{0}' and `{1}'",
1584                                 returnType.GetSignatureForError (), expr.Type.GetSignatureForError ());
1585                 }
1586
1587                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
1588                 {
1589                         child.Emit (ec);
1590                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Call, conversion_operator);
1591                 }
1592         }
1593
1594         //
1595         // Constant specialization of EmptyCast.
1596         // We need to special case this since an empty cast of
1597         // a constant is still a constant.
1598         //
1599         public class EmptyConstantCast : Constant
1600         {
1601                 public readonly Constant child;
1602
1603                 public EmptyConstantCast (Constant child, TypeSpec type)
1604                         : base (child.Location)
1605                 {
1606                         if (child == null)
1607                                 throw new ArgumentNullException ("child");
1608
1609                         this.child = child;
1610                         this.eclass = child.eclass;
1611                         this.type = type;
1612                 }
1613
1614                 public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
1615                 {
1616                         if (child.Type == target_type)
1617                                 return child;
1618
1619                         // FIXME: check that 'type' can be converted to 'target_type' first
1620                         return child.ConvertExplicitly (in_checked_context, target_type);
1621                 }
1622
1623                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
1624                 {
1625                         Arguments args = Arguments.CreateForExpressionTree (ec, null,
1626                                 child.CreateExpressionTree (ec),
1627                                 new TypeOf (type, loc));
1628
1629                         if (type.IsPointer)
1630                                 Error_PointerInsideExpressionTree (ec);
1631
1632                         return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Convert", args);
1633                 }
1634
1635                 public override bool IsDefaultValue {
1636                         get { return child.IsDefaultValue; }
1637                 }
1638
1639                 public override bool IsNegative {
1640                         get { return child.IsNegative; }
1641                 }
1642
1643                 public override bool IsNull {
1644                         get { return child.IsNull; }
1645                 }
1646
1647                 public override bool IsOneInteger {
1648                         get { return child.IsOneInteger; }
1649                 }
1650
1651                 public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
1652                         get {
1653                                 return child.IsSideEffectFree;
1654                         }
1655                 }
1656
1657                 public override bool IsZeroInteger {
1658                         get { return child.IsZeroInteger; }
1659                 }
1660
1661                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
1662                 {
1663                         child.Emit (ec);
1664                 }
1665
1666                 public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label label, bool on_true)
1667                 {
1668                         child.EmitBranchable (ec, label, on_true);
1669
1670                         // Only to make verifier happy
1671                         if (TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (type) && child.IsNull)
1672                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type);
1673                 }
1674
1675                 public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
1676                 {
1677                         child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
1678                 }
1679
1680                 public override object GetValue ()
1681                 {
1682                         return child.GetValue ();
1683                 }
1684
1685                 public override string GetValueAsLiteral ()
1686                 {
1687                         return child.GetValueAsLiteral ();
1688                 }
1689
1690                 public override long GetValueAsLong ()
1691                 {
1692                         return child.GetValueAsLong ();
1693                 }
1694
1695                 public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (TypeSpec target_type)
1696                 {
1697                         if (type == target_type)
1698                                 return this;
1699
1700                         // FIXME: Do we need to check user conversions?
1701                         if (!Convert.ImplicitStandardConversionExists (this, target_type))
1702                                 return null;
1703
1704                         return child.ConvertImplicitly (target_type);
1705                 }
1706         }
1707
1708         /// <summary>
1709         ///  This class is used to wrap literals which belong inside Enums
1710         /// </summary>
1711         public class EnumConstant : Constant
1712         {
1713                 public Constant Child;
1714
1715                 public EnumConstant (Constant child, TypeSpec enum_type)
1716                         : base (child.Location)
1717                 {
1718                         this.Child = child;
1719
1720                         this.eclass = ExprClass.Value;
1721                         this.type = enum_type;
1722                 }
1723
1724                 protected EnumConstant (Location loc)
1725                         : base (loc)
1726                 {
1727                 }
1728
1729                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
1730                 {
1731                         Child.Emit (ec);
1732                 }
1733
1734                 public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
1735                 {
1736                         Child.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, Child.Type, parameterType);
1737                 }
1738
1739                 public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label label, bool on_true)
1740                 {
1741                         Child.EmitBranchable (ec, label, on_true);
1742                 }
1743
1744                 public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
1745                 {
1746                         Child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
1747                 }
1748
1749                 public override string GetSignatureForError()
1750                 {
1751                         return Type.GetSignatureForError ();
1752                 }
1753
1754                 public override object GetValue ()
1755                 {
1756                         return Child.GetValue ();
1757                 }
1758
1759 #if !STATIC
1760                 public override object GetTypedValue ()
1761                 {
1762                         //
1763                         // The method can be used in dynamic context only (on closed types)
1764                         //
1765                         // System.Enum.ToObject cannot be called on dynamic types
1766                         // EnumBuilder has to be used, but we cannot use EnumBuilder
1767                         // because it does not properly support generics
1768                         //
1769                         return System.Enum.ToObject (type.GetMetaInfo (), Child.GetValue ());
1770                 }
1771 #endif
1772
1773                 public override string GetValueAsLiteral ()
1774                 {
1775                         return Child.GetValueAsLiteral ();
1776                 }
1777
1778                 public override long GetValueAsLong ()
1779                 {
1780                         return Child.GetValueAsLong ();
1781                 }
1782
1783                 public EnumConstant Increment()
1784                 {
1785                         return new EnumConstant (((IntegralConstant) Child).Increment (), type);
1786                 }
1787
1788                 public override bool IsDefaultValue {
1789                         get {
1790                                 return Child.IsDefaultValue;
1791                         }
1792                 }
1793
1794                 public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
1795                         get {
1796                                 return Child.IsSideEffectFree;
1797                         }
1798                 }
1799
1800                 public override bool IsZeroInteger {
1801                         get { return Child.IsZeroInteger; }
1802                 }
1803
1804                 public override bool IsNegative {
1805                         get {
1806                                 return Child.IsNegative;
1807                         }
1808                 }
1809
1810                 public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
1811                 {
1812                         if (Child.Type == target_type)
1813                                 return Child;
1814
1815                         return Child.ConvertExplicitly (in_checked_context, target_type);
1816                 }
1817
1818                 public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (TypeSpec type)
1819                 {
1820                         if (this.type == type) {
1821                                 return this;
1822                         }
1823
1824                         if (!Convert.ImplicitStandardConversionExists (this, type)){
1825                                 return null;
1826                         }
1827
1828                         return Child.ConvertImplicitly (type);
1829                 }
1830         }
1831
1832         /// <summary>
1833         ///   This kind of cast is used to encapsulate Value Types in objects.
1834         ///
1835         ///   The effect of it is to box the value type emitted by the previous
1836         ///   operation.
1837         /// </summary>
1838         public class BoxedCast : TypeCast {
1839
1840                 public BoxedCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec target_type)
1841                         : base (expr, target_type)
1842                 {
1843                         eclass = ExprClass.Value;
1844                 }
1845
1846                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
1847                 {
1848                         // This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
1849                         // initialized state.
1850
1851                         return this;
1852                 }
1853
1854                 public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
1855                 {
1856                         // Only boxing to object type is supported
1857                         if (targetType.BuiltinType != BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object) {
1858                                 base.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, targetType, parameterType);
1859                                 return;
1860                         }
1861
1862                         enc.Encode (child.Type);
1863                         child.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, child.Type, parameterType);
1864                 }
1865
1866                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
1867                 {
1868                         base.Emit (ec);
1869
1870                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Box, child.Type);
1871                 }
1872
1873                 public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
1874                 {
1875                         // boxing is side-effectful, since it involves runtime checks, except when boxing to Object or ValueType
1876                         // so, we need to emit the box+pop instructions in most cases
1877                         if (child.Type.IsStruct &&
1878                             (type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object || type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ValueType))
1879                                 child.EmitSideEffect (ec);
1880                         else
1881                                 base.EmitSideEffect (ec);
1882                 }
1883         }
1884
1885         public class UnboxCast : TypeCast {
1886                 public UnboxCast (Expression expr, TypeSpec return_type)
1887                         : base (expr, return_type)
1888                 {
1889                 }
1890
1891                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
1892                 {
1893                         // This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
1894                         // initialized state.
1895
1896                         return this;
1897                 }
1898
1899                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
1900                 {
1901                         base.Emit (ec);
1902
1903                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type);
1904                 }
1905         }
1906
1907         /// <summary>
1908         ///   This is used to perform explicit numeric conversions.
1909         ///
1910         ///   Explicit numeric conversions might trigger exceptions in a checked
1911         ///   context, so they should generate the conv.ovf opcodes instead of
1912         ///   conv opcodes.
1913         /// </summary>
1914         public class ConvCast : TypeCast {
1915                 public enum Mode : byte {
1916                         I1_U1, I1_U2, I1_U4, I1_U8, I1_CH,
1917                         U1_I1, U1_CH,
1918                         I2_I1, I2_U1, I2_U2, I2_U4, I2_U8, I2_CH,
1919                         U2_I1, U2_U1, U2_I2, U2_CH,
1920                         I4_I1, I4_U1, I4_I2, I4_U2, I4_U4, I4_U8, I4_CH,
1921                         U4_I1, U4_U1, U4_I2, U4_U2, U4_I4, U4_CH,
1922                         I8_I1, I8_U1, I8_I2, I8_U2, I8_I4, I8_U4, I8_U8, I8_CH, I8_I,
1923                         U8_I1, U8_U1, U8_I2, U8_U2, U8_I4, U8_U4, U8_I8, U8_CH, U8_I,
1924                         CH_I1, CH_U1, CH_I2,
1925                         R4_I1, R4_U1, R4_I2, R4_U2, R4_I4, R4_U4, R4_I8, R4_U8, R4_CH,
1926                         R8_I1, R8_U1, R8_I2, R8_U2, R8_I4, R8_U4, R8_I8, R8_U8, R8_CH, R8_R4,
1927                         I_I8,
1928                 }
1929
1930                 Mode mode;
1931
1932                 public ConvCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type, Mode m)
1933                         : base (child, return_type)
1934                 {
1935                         mode = m;
1936                 }
1937
1938                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
1939                 {
1940                         // This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
1941                         // initialized state.
1942
1943                         return this;
1944                 }
1945
1946                 public override string ToString ()
1947                 {
1948                         return String.Format ("ConvCast ({0}, {1})", mode, child);
1949                 }
1950
1951                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
1952                 {
1953                         base.Emit (ec);
1954                         Emit (ec, mode);
1955                 }
1956
1957                 public static void Emit (EmitContext ec, Mode mode)
1958                 {
1959                         if (ec.HasSet (EmitContext.Options.CheckedScope)) {
1960                                 switch (mode){
1961                                 case Mode.I1_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
1962                                 case Mode.I1_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
1963                                 case Mode.I1_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
1964                                 case Mode.I1_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
1965                                 case Mode.I1_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
1966
1967                                 case Mode.U1_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
1968                                 case Mode.U1_CH: /* nothing */ break;
1969
1970                                 case Mode.I2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
1971                                 case Mode.I2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
1972                                 case Mode.I2_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
1973                                 case Mode.I2_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
1974                                 case Mode.I2_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
1975                                 case Mode.I2_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
1976
1977                                 case Mode.U2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
1978                                 case Mode.U2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
1979                                 case Mode.U2_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;
1980                                 case Mode.U2_CH: /* nothing */ break;
1981
1982                                 case Mode.I4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
1983                                 case Mode.I4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
1984                                 case Mode.I4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
1985                                 case Mode.I4_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
1986                                 case Mode.I4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
1987                                 case Mode.I4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
1988                                 case Mode.I4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
1989
1990                                 case Mode.U4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
1991                                 case Mode.U4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
1992                                 case Mode.U4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;
1993                                 case Mode.U4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;
1994                                 case Mode.U4_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4_Un); break;
1995                                 case Mode.U4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;
1996
1997                                 case Mode.I8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
1998                                 case Mode.I8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
1999                                 case Mode.I8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
2000                                 case Mode.I8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
2001                                 case Mode.I8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4); break;
2002                                 case Mode.I8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
2003                                 case Mode.I8_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
2004                                 case Mode.I8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
2005                                 case Mode.I8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U); break;
2006
2007                                 case Mode.U8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
2008                                 case Mode.U8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
2009                                 case Mode.U8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;
2010                                 case Mode.U8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;
2011                                 case Mode.U8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4_Un); break;
2012                                 case Mode.U8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4_Un); break;
2013                                 case Mode.U8_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8_Un); break;
2014                                 case Mode.U8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un); break;
2015                                 case Mode.U8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U_Un); break;
2016
2017                                 case Mode.CH_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un); break;
2018                                 case Mode.CH_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un); break;
2019                                 case Mode.CH_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un); break;
2020
2021                                 case Mode.R4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
2022                                 case Mode.R4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
2023                                 case Mode.R4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
2024                                 case Mode.R4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
2025                                 case Mode.R4_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4); break;
2026                                 case Mode.R4_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
2027                                 case Mode.R4_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8); break;
2028                                 case Mode.R4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
2029                                 case Mode.R4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
2030
2031                                 case Mode.R8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I1); break;
2032                                 case Mode.R8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U1); break;
2033                                 case Mode.R8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I2); break;
2034                                 case Mode.R8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
2035                                 case Mode.R8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I4); break;
2036                                 case Mode.R8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U4); break;
2037                                 case Mode.R8_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8); break;
2038                                 case Mode.R8_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U8); break;
2039                                 case Mode.R8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_U2); break;
2040                                 case Mode.R8_R4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_R4); break;
2041
2042                                 case Mode.I_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_Ovf_I8_Un); break;
2043                                 }
2044                         } else {
2045                                 switch (mode){
2046                                 case Mode.I1_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2047                                 case Mode.I1_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2048                                 case Mode.I1_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
2049                                 case Mode.I1_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
2050                                 case Mode.I1_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2051
2052                                 case Mode.U1_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2053                                 case Mode.U1_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2054
2055                                 case Mode.I2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2056                                 case Mode.I2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2057                                 case Mode.I2_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2058                                 case Mode.I2_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
2059                                 case Mode.I2_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
2060                                 case Mode.I2_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2061
2062                                 case Mode.U2_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2063                                 case Mode.U2_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2064                                 case Mode.U2_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2065                                 case Mode.U2_CH: /* nothing */ break;
2066
2067                                 case Mode.I4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2068                                 case Mode.I4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2069                                 case Mode.I4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2070                                 case Mode.I4_U4: /* nothing */ break;
2071                                 case Mode.I4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2072                                 case Mode.I4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
2073                                 case Mode.I4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2074
2075                                 case Mode.U4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2076                                 case Mode.U4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2077                                 case Mode.U4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2078                                 case Mode.U4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2079                                 case Mode.U4_I4: /* nothing */ break;
2080                                 case Mode.U4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2081
2082                                 case Mode.I8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2083                                 case Mode.I8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2084                                 case Mode.I8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2085                                 case Mode.I8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2086                                 case Mode.I8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
2087                                 case Mode.I8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
2088                                 case Mode.I8_U8: /* nothing */ break;
2089                                 case Mode.I8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2090                                 case Mode.I8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U); break;
2091
2092                                 case Mode.U8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2093                                 case Mode.U8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2094                                 case Mode.U8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2095                                 case Mode.U8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2096                                 case Mode.U8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
2097                                 case Mode.U8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
2098                                 case Mode.U8_I8: /* nothing */ break;
2099                                 case Mode.U8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2100                                 case Mode.U8_I: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U); break;
2101
2102                                 case Mode.CH_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2103                                 case Mode.CH_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2104                                 case Mode.CH_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2105
2106                                 case Mode.R4_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2107                                 case Mode.R4_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2108                                 case Mode.R4_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2109                                 case Mode.R4_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2110                                 case Mode.R4_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
2111                                 case Mode.R4_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
2112                                 case Mode.R4_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
2113                                 case Mode.R4_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U8); break;
2114                                 case Mode.R4_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2115
2116                                 case Mode.R8_I1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I1); break;
2117                                 case Mode.R8_U1: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U1); break;
2118                                 case Mode.R8_I2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I2); break;
2119                                 case Mode.R8_U2: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2120                                 case Mode.R8_I4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4); break;
2121                                 case Mode.R8_U4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U4); break;
2122                                 case Mode.R8_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8); break;
2123                                 case Mode.R8_U8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U8); break;
2124                                 case Mode.R8_CH: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U2); break;
2125                                 case Mode.R8_R4: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_R4); break;
2126
2127                                 case Mode.I_I8: ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U8); break;
2128                                 }
2129                         }
2130                 }
2131         }
2132
2133         class OpcodeCast : TypeCast
2134         {
2135                 readonly OpCode op;
2136
2137                 public OpcodeCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type, OpCode op)
2138                         : base (child, return_type)
2139                 {
2140                         this.op = op;
2141                 }
2142
2143                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
2144                 {
2145                         // This should never be invoked, we are born in fully
2146                         // initialized state.
2147
2148                         return this;
2149                 }
2150
2151                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2152                 {
2153                         base.Emit (ec);
2154                         ec.Emit (op);
2155                 }
2156
2157                 public TypeSpec UnderlyingType {
2158                         get { return child.Type; }
2159                 }
2160         }
2161
2162         //
2163         // Opcode casts expression with 2 opcodes but only
2164         // single expression tree node
2165         //
2166         class OpcodeCastDuplex : OpcodeCast
2167         {
2168                 readonly OpCode second;
2169
2170                 public OpcodeCastDuplex (Expression child, TypeSpec returnType, OpCode first, OpCode second)
2171                         : base (child, returnType, first)
2172                 {
2173                         this.second = second;
2174                 }
2175
2176                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2177                 {
2178                         base.Emit (ec);
2179                         ec.Emit (second);
2180                 }
2181         }
2182
2183         /// <summary>
2184         ///   This kind of cast is used to encapsulate a child and cast it
2185         ///   to the class requested
2186         /// </summary>
2187         public sealed class ClassCast : TypeCast {
2188                 readonly bool forced;
2189
2190                 public ClassCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type)
2191                         : base (child, return_type)
2192                 {
2193                 }
2194
2195                 public ClassCast (Expression child, TypeSpec return_type, bool forced)
2196                         : base (child, return_type)
2197                 {
2198                         this.forced = forced;
2199                 }
2200
2201                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2202                 {
2203                         base.Emit (ec);
2204
2205                         bool gen = TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (child.Type);
2206                         if (gen)
2207                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Box, child.Type);
2208
2209                         if (type.IsGenericParameter) {
2210                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Unbox_Any, type);
2211                                 return;
2212                         }
2213
2214                         if (gen && !forced)
2215                                 return;
2216
2217                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Castclass, type);
2218                 }
2219         }
2220
2221         //
2222         // Created during resolving pahse when an expression is wrapped or constantified
2223         // and original expression can be used later (e.g. for expression trees)
2224         //
2225         public class ReducedExpression : Expression
2226         {
2227                 public class ReducedConstantExpression : EmptyConstantCast
2228                 {
2229                         readonly Expression orig_expr;
2230
2231                         public ReducedConstantExpression (Constant expr, Expression orig_expr)
2232                                 : base (expr, expr.Type)
2233                         {
2234                                 this.orig_expr = orig_expr;
2235                         }
2236
2237                         public Expression OriginalExpression {
2238                                 get {
2239                                         return orig_expr;
2240                                 }
2241                         }
2242
2243                         public override Constant ConvertImplicitly (TypeSpec target_type)
2244                         {
2245                                 Constant c = base.ConvertImplicitly (target_type);
2246                                 if (c != null)
2247                                         c = new ReducedConstantExpression (c, orig_expr);
2248
2249                                 return c;
2250                         }
2251
2252                         public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
2253                         {
2254                                 return orig_expr.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
2255                         }
2256
2257                         public override Constant ConvertExplicitly (bool in_checked_context, TypeSpec target_type)
2258                         {
2259                                 Constant c = base.ConvertExplicitly (in_checked_context, target_type);
2260                                 if (c != null)
2261                                         c = new ReducedConstantExpression (c, orig_expr);
2262                                 return c;
2263                         }
2264
2265                         public override void EncodeAttributeValue (IMemberContext rc, AttributeEncoder enc, TypeSpec targetType, TypeSpec parameterType)
2266                         {
2267                                 //
2268                                 // LAMESPEC: Reduced conditional expression is allowed as an attribute argument
2269                                 //
2270                                 if (orig_expr is Conditional)
2271                                         child.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, targetType,parameterType);
2272                                 else
2273                                         base.EncodeAttributeValue (rc, enc, targetType, parameterType);
2274                         }
2275                 }
2276
2277                 sealed class ReducedConstantStatement : ReducedConstantExpression, IReducedExpressionStatement
2278                 {
2279                         public ReducedConstantStatement (Constant expr, Expression origExpr)
2280                                 : base (expr, origExpr)
2281                         {
2282                         }
2283                 }
2284
2285                 sealed class ReducedExpressionStatement : ExpressionStatement
2286                 {
2287                         readonly Expression orig_expr;
2288                         readonly ExpressionStatement stm;
2289
2290                         public ReducedExpressionStatement (ExpressionStatement stm, Expression orig)
2291                         {
2292                                 this.orig_expr = orig;
2293                                 this.stm = stm;
2294                                 this.eclass = stm.eclass;
2295                                 this.type = stm.Type;
2296
2297                                 this.loc = orig.Location;
2298                         }
2299
2300                         public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
2301                         {
2302                                 return stm.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
2303                         }
2304
2305                         public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
2306                         {
2307                                 return orig_expr.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
2308                         }
2309
2310                         protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
2311                         {
2312                                 return this;
2313                         }
2314
2315                         public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2316                         {
2317                                 stm.Emit (ec);
2318                         }
2319
2320                         public override void EmitStatement (EmitContext ec)
2321                         {
2322                                 stm.EmitStatement (ec);
2323                         }
2324
2325                         public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
2326                         {
2327                                 stm.FlowAnalysis (fc);
2328                         }
2329                 }
2330
2331                 readonly Expression expr, orig_expr;
2332
2333                 private ReducedExpression (Expression expr, Expression orig_expr)
2334                 {
2335                         this.expr = expr;
2336                         this.eclass = expr.eclass;
2337                         this.type = expr.Type;
2338                         this.orig_expr = orig_expr;
2339                         this.loc = orig_expr.Location;
2340                 }
2341
2342                 #region Properties
2343
2344                 public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
2345                         get {
2346                                 return expr.IsSideEffectFree;
2347                         }
2348                 }
2349
2350                 public Expression OriginalExpression {
2351                         get {
2352                                 return orig_expr;
2353                         }
2354                 }
2355
2356                 #endregion
2357
2358                 public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
2359                 {
2360                         return expr.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
2361                 }
2362
2363                 //
2364                 // Creates fully resolved expression switcher
2365                 //
2366                 public static Constant Create (Constant expr, Expression originalExpr)
2367                 {
2368                         if (expr.eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved)
2369                                 throw new ArgumentException ("Unresolved expression");
2370
2371                         if (originalExpr is ExpressionStatement)
2372                                 return new ReducedConstantStatement (expr, originalExpr);
2373
2374                         return new ReducedConstantExpression (expr, originalExpr);
2375                 }
2376
2377                 public static ExpressionStatement Create (ExpressionStatement s, Expression orig)
2378                 {
2379                         return new ReducedExpressionStatement (s, orig);
2380                 }
2381
2382                 public static Expression Create (Expression expr, Expression original_expr)
2383                 {
2384                         return Create (expr, original_expr, true);
2385                 }
2386
2387                 //
2388                 // Creates unresolved reduce expression. The original expression has to be
2389                 // already resolved. Created expression is constant based based on `expr'
2390                 // value unless canBeConstant is used
2391                 //
2392                 public static Expression Create (Expression expr, Expression original_expr, bool canBeConstant)
2393                 {
2394                         if (canBeConstant) {
2395                                 Constant c = expr as Constant;
2396                                 if (c != null)
2397                                         return Create (c, original_expr);
2398                         }
2399
2400                         ExpressionStatement s = expr as ExpressionStatement;
2401                         if (s != null)
2402                                 return Create (s, original_expr);
2403
2404                         if (expr.eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved)
2405                                 throw new ArgumentException ("Unresolved expression");
2406
2407                         return new ReducedExpression (expr, original_expr);
2408                 }
2409
2410                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
2411                 {
2412                         return orig_expr.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
2413                 }
2414
2415                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
2416                 {
2417                         return this;
2418                 }
2419
2420                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2421                 {
2422                         expr.Emit (ec);
2423                 }
2424
2425                 public override Expression EmitToField (EmitContext ec)
2426                 {
2427                         return expr.EmitToField(ec);
2428                 }
2429
2430                 public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label target, bool on_true)
2431                 {
2432                         expr.EmitBranchable (ec, target, on_true);
2433                 }
2434
2435                 public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
2436                 {
2437                         expr.FlowAnalysis (fc);
2438                 }
2439
2440                 public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
2441                 {
2442                         return orig_expr.MakeExpression (ctx);
2443                 }
2444         }
2445
2446         //
2447         // Standard composite pattern
2448         //
2449         public abstract class CompositeExpression : Expression
2450         {
2451                 protected Expression expr;
2452
2453                 protected CompositeExpression (Expression expr)
2454                 {
2455                         this.expr = expr;
2456                         this.loc = expr.Location;
2457                 }
2458
2459                 public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
2460                 {
2461                         return expr.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
2462                 }
2463
2464                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext rc)
2465                 {
2466                         return expr.CreateExpressionTree (rc);
2467                 }
2468
2469                 public Expression Child {
2470                         get { return expr; }
2471                 }
2472
2473                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
2474                 {
2475                         expr = expr.Resolve (rc);
2476                         if (expr == null)
2477                                 return null;
2478
2479                         type = expr.Type;
2480                         eclass = expr.eclass;
2481                         return this;
2482                 }
2483
2484                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2485                 {
2486                         expr.Emit (ec);
2487                 }
2488
2489                 public override bool IsNull {
2490                         get { return expr.IsNull; }
2491                 }
2492         }
2493
2494         //
2495         // Base of expressions used only to narrow resolve flow
2496         //
2497         public abstract class ShimExpression : Expression
2498         {
2499                 protected Expression expr;
2500
2501                 protected ShimExpression (Expression expr)
2502                 {
2503                         this.expr = expr;
2504                 }
2505
2506                 public Expression Expr {
2507                         get {
2508                                 return expr;
2509                         }
2510                 }
2511
2512                 protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression t)
2513                 {
2514                         if (expr == null)
2515                                 return;
2516
2517                         ShimExpression target = (ShimExpression) t;
2518                         target.expr = expr.Clone (clonectx);
2519                 }
2520
2521                 public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
2522                 {
2523                         return expr.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
2524                 }
2525
2526                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
2527                 {
2528                         throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
2529                 }
2530
2531                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2532                 {
2533                         throw new InternalErrorException ("Missing Resolve call");
2534                 }
2535         }
2536
2537         public class UnreachableExpression : Expression
2538         {
2539                 public UnreachableExpression (Expression expr)
2540                 {
2541                         this.loc = expr.Location;
2542                 }
2543
2544                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
2545                 {
2546                         // TODO: is it ok
2547                         throw new NotImplementedException ();
2548                 }
2549
2550                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
2551                 {
2552                         throw new NotSupportedException ();
2553                 }
2554
2555                 public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
2556                 {
2557                         fc.Report.Warning (429, 4, loc, "Unreachable expression code detected");
2558                 }
2559
2560                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
2561                 {
2562                 }
2563
2564                 public override void EmitBranchable (EmitContext ec, Label target, bool on_true)
2565                 {
2566                 }
2567         }
2568
2569         //
2570         // Unresolved type name expressions
2571         //
2572         public abstract class ATypeNameExpression : FullNamedExpression
2573         {
2574                 string name;
2575                 protected TypeArguments targs;
2576
2577                 protected ATypeNameExpression (string name, Location l)
2578                 {
2579                         this.name = name;
2580                         loc = l;
2581                 }
2582
2583                 protected ATypeNameExpression (string name, TypeArguments targs, Location l)
2584                 {
2585                         this.name = name;
2586                         this.targs = targs;
2587                         loc = l;
2588                 }
2589
2590                 protected ATypeNameExpression (string name, int arity, Location l)
2591                         : this (name, new UnboundTypeArguments (arity, l), l)
2592                 {
2593                 }
2594
2595                 #region Properties
2596
2597                 public int Arity {
2598                         get {
2599                                 return targs == null ? 0 : targs.Count;
2600                         }
2601                 }
2602
2603                 public bool HasTypeArguments {
2604                         get {
2605                                 return targs != null && !targs.IsEmpty;
2606                         }
2607                 }
2608
2609                 public string Name {
2610                         get {
2611                                 return name;
2612                         }
2613                         set {
2614                                 name = value;
2615                         }
2616                 }
2617
2618                 public TypeArguments TypeArguments {
2619                         get {
2620                                 return targs;
2621                         }
2622                 }
2623
2624                 #endregion
2625
2626                 public override bool Equals (object obj)
2627                 {
2628                         ATypeNameExpression atne = obj as ATypeNameExpression;
2629                         return atne != null && atne.Name == Name &&
2630                                 (targs == null || targs.Equals (atne.targs));
2631                 }
2632
2633                 public override int GetHashCode ()
2634                 {
2635                         return Name.GetHashCode ();
2636                 }
2637
2638                 // TODO: Move it to MemberCore
2639                 public static string GetMemberType (MemberCore mc)
2640                 {
2641                         if (mc is Property)
2642                                 return "property";
2643                         if (mc is Indexer)
2644                                 return "indexer";
2645                         if (mc is FieldBase)
2646                                 return "field";
2647                         if (mc is MethodCore)
2648                                 return "method";
2649                         if (mc is EnumMember)
2650                                 return "enum";
2651                         if (mc is Event)
2652                                 return "event";
2653
2654                         return "type";
2655                 }
2656
2657                 public override string GetSignatureForError ()
2658                 {
2659                         if (targs != null) {
2660                                 return Name + "<" + targs.GetSignatureForError () + ">";
2661                         }
2662
2663                         return Name;
2664                 }
2665
2666                 public abstract Expression LookupNameExpression (ResolveContext rc, MemberLookupRestrictions restriction);
2667         }
2668
2669         /// <summary>
2670         ///   SimpleName expressions are formed of a single word and only happen at the beginning
2671         ///   of a dotted-name.
2672         /// </summary>
2673         public class SimpleName : ATypeNameExpression
2674         {
2675                 public SimpleName (string name, Location l)
2676                         : base (name, l)
2677                 {
2678                 }
2679
2680                 public SimpleName (string name, TypeArguments args, Location l)
2681                         : base (name, args, l)
2682                 {
2683                 }
2684
2685                 public SimpleName (string name, int arity, Location l)
2686                         : base (name, arity, l)
2687                 {
2688                 }
2689
2690                 public SimpleName GetMethodGroup ()
2691                 {
2692                         return new SimpleName (Name, targs, loc);
2693                 }
2694
2695                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
2696                 {
2697                         return SimpleNameResolve (rc, null);
2698                 }
2699
2700                 public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
2701                 {
2702                         return SimpleNameResolve (ec, right_side);
2703                 }
2704
2705                 public void Error_NameDoesNotExist (ResolveContext rc)
2706                 {
2707                         rc.Report.Error (103, loc, "The name `{0}' does not exist in the current context", Name);
2708                 }
2709
2710                 protected virtual void Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (IMemberContext ctx)
2711                 {
2712                         if (ctx.CurrentType != null) {
2713                                 var member = MemberLookup (ctx, false, ctx.CurrentType, Name, 0, MemberLookupRestrictions.ExactArity, loc) as MemberExpr;
2714                                 if (member != null) {
2715                                         Error_UnexpectedKind (ctx, member, "type", member.KindName, loc);
2716                                         return;
2717                                 }
2718                         }
2719
2720                         var report = ctx.Module.Compiler.Report;
2721
2722                         var retval = ctx.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.IgnoreAccessibility, loc);
2723                         if (retval != null) {
2724                                 report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (retval.Type);
2725                                 ErrorIsInaccesible (ctx, retval.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
2726                                 return;
2727                         }
2728
2729                         retval = ctx.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, -System.Math.Max (1, Arity), LookupMode.Probing, loc);
2730                         if (retval != null) {
2731                                 Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ctx, retval.Type, loc);
2732                                 return;
2733                         }
2734
2735                         var ns_candidates = ctx.Module.GlobalRootNamespace.FindTypeNamespaces (ctx, Name, Arity);
2736                         if (ns_candidates != null) {
2737                                 if (ctx is UsingAliasNamespace.AliasContext) {
2738                                         report.Error (246, loc,
2739                                                 "The type or namespace name `{1}' could not be found. Consider using fully qualified name `{0}.{1}'",
2740                                                 ns_candidates[0], Name);
2741                                 } else {
2742                                         string usings = string.Join ("' or `", ns_candidates.ToArray ());
2743                                         report.Error (246, loc,
2744                                                 "The type or namespace name `{0}' could not be found. Are you missing `{1}' using directive?",
2745                                                 Name, usings);
2746                                 }
2747                         } else {
2748                                 report.Error (246, loc,
2749                                         "The type or namespace name `{0}' could not be found. Are you missing an assembly reference?",
2750                                         Name);
2751                         }
2752                 }
2753
2754                 public override FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments)
2755                 {
2756                         FullNamedExpression fne = mc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.Normal, loc);
2757
2758                         if (fne != null) {
2759                                 if (fne.Type != null && Arity > 0) {
2760                                         if (HasTypeArguments) {
2761                                                 GenericTypeExpr ct = new GenericTypeExpr (fne.Type, targs, loc);
2762                                                 if (ct.ResolveAsType (mc) == null)
2763                                                         return null;
2764
2765                                                 return ct;
2766                                         }
2767
2768                                         targs.Resolve (mc, allowUnboundTypeArguments);
2769
2770                                         return new GenericOpenTypeExpr (fne.Type, loc);
2771                                 }
2772
2773                                 //
2774                                 // dynamic namespace is ignored when dynamic is allowed (does not apply to types)
2775                                 //
2776                                 if (!(fne is NamespaceExpression))
2777                                         return fne;
2778                         }
2779
2780                         if (Arity == 0 && Name == "dynamic" && !(mc is NamespaceContainer) && mc.Module.Compiler.Settings.Version > LanguageVersion.V_3) {
2781                                 if (!mc.Module.PredefinedAttributes.Dynamic.IsDefined) {
2782                                         mc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (1980, Location,
2783                                                 "Dynamic keyword requires `{0}' to be defined. Are you missing System.Core.dll assembly reference?",
2784                                                 mc.Module.PredefinedAttributes.Dynamic.GetSignatureForError ());
2785                                 }
2786
2787                                 fne = new DynamicTypeExpr (loc);
2788                                 fne.ResolveAsType (mc);
2789                         }
2790
2791                         if (fne != null)
2792                                 return fne;
2793
2794                         Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (mc);
2795                         return null;
2796                 }
2797
2798                 public bool IsPossibleTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc)
2799                 {
2800                         return mc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.Probing, loc) != null;
2801                 }
2802
2803                 public bool IsPossibleType (IMemberContext mc)
2804                 {
2805                         return mc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.Probing, loc) is TypeExpr;
2806                 }
2807
2808                 public override Expression LookupNameExpression (ResolveContext rc, MemberLookupRestrictions restrictions)
2809                 {
2810                         int lookup_arity = Arity;
2811                         bool errorMode = false;
2812                         Expression e;
2813                         Block current_block = rc.CurrentBlock;
2814                         INamedBlockVariable variable = null;
2815                         bool variable_found = false;
2816
2817                         while (true) {
2818                                 //
2819                                 // Stage 1: binding to local variables or parameters
2820                                 //
2821                                 // LAMESPEC: It should take invocableOnly into account but that would break csc compatibility
2822                                 //
2823                                 if (current_block != null && lookup_arity == 0) {
2824                                         if (current_block.ParametersBlock.TopBlock.GetLocalName (Name, current_block.Original, ref variable)) {
2825                                                 if (!variable.IsDeclared) {
2826                                                         // We found local name in accessible block but it's not
2827                                                         // initialized yet, maybe the user wanted to bind to something else
2828                                                         errorMode = true;
2829                                                         variable_found = true;
2830                                                 } else {
2831                                                         e = variable.CreateReferenceExpression (rc, loc);
2832                                                         if (e != null) {
2833                                                                 if (Arity > 0)
2834                                                                         Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, "variable", Name, loc);
2835
2836                                                                 return e;
2837                                                         }
2838                                                 }
2839                                         }
2840                                 }
2841
2842                                 //
2843                                 // Stage 2: Lookup members if we are inside a type up to top level type for nested types
2844                                 //
2845                                 TypeSpec member_type = rc.CurrentType;
2846                                 for (; member_type != null; member_type = member_type.DeclaringType) {
2847                                         e = MemberLookup (rc, errorMode, member_type, Name, lookup_arity, restrictions, loc);
2848                                         if (e == null)
2849                                                 continue;
2850
2851                                         var me = e as MemberExpr;
2852                                         if (me == null) {
2853                                                 // The name matches a type, defer to ResolveAsTypeStep
2854                                                 if (e is TypeExpr)
2855                                                         break;
2856
2857                                                 continue;
2858                                         }
2859
2860                                         if (errorMode) {
2861                                                 if (variable != null) {
2862                                                         if (me is FieldExpr || me is ConstantExpr || me is EventExpr || me is PropertyExpr) {
2863                                                                 rc.Report.Error (844, loc,
2864                                                                         "A local variable `{0}' cannot be used before it is declared. Consider renaming the local variable when it hides the member `{1}'",
2865                                                                         Name, me.GetSignatureForError ());
2866                                                         } else {
2867                                                                 break;
2868                                                         }
2869                                                 } else if (me is MethodGroupExpr || me is PropertyExpr || me is IndexerExpr) {
2870                                                         // Leave it to overload resolution to report correct error
2871                                                 } else {
2872                                                         // TODO: rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError ()
2873                                                         ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, me.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
2874                                                 }
2875                                         } else {
2876                                                 //
2877                                                 // MemberLookup does not check accessors availability, this is actually needed for properties only
2878                                                 //
2879                                                 var pe = me as PropertyExpr;
2880                                                 if (pe != null) {
2881
2882                                                         // Break as there is no other overload available anyway
2883                                                         if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.ReadAccess) != 0) {
2884                                                                 if (!pe.PropertyInfo.HasGet || !pe.PropertyInfo.Get.IsAccessible (rc))
2885                                                                         break;
2886
2887                                                                 pe.Getter = pe.PropertyInfo.Get;
2888                                                         } else {
2889                                                                 if (!pe.PropertyInfo.HasSet) {
2890                                                                         if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope) && pe.IsAutoPropertyAccess &&
2891                                                                                 pe.PropertyInfo.DeclaringType == rc.CurrentType && pe.IsStatic == rc.IsStatic) {
2892                                                                                 var p = (Property) pe.PropertyInfo.MemberDefinition;
2893                                                                                 return new FieldExpr (p.BackingField, loc);
2894                                                                         }
2895
2896                                                                         variable_found = true;
2897                                                                         break;
2898                                                                 }
2899
2900                                                                 if (!pe.PropertyInfo.Set.IsAccessible (rc)) {
2901                                                                         variable_found = true;
2902                                                                         break;
2903                                                                 }
2904
2905                                                                 pe.Setter = pe.PropertyInfo.Set;
2906                                                         }
2907                                                 }
2908                                         }
2909
2910                                         // TODO: It's used by EventExpr -> FieldExpr transformation only
2911                                         // TODO: Should go to MemberAccess
2912                                         me = me.ResolveMemberAccess (rc, null, null);
2913
2914                                         if (Arity > 0) {
2915                                                 targs.Resolve (rc, false);
2916                                                 me.SetTypeArguments (rc, targs);
2917                                         }
2918
2919                                         return me;
2920                                 }
2921
2922                                 //
2923                                 // Stage 3: Lookup nested types, namespaces and type parameters in the context
2924                                 //
2925                                 if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly) == 0 && !variable_found) {
2926                                         if (IsPossibleTypeOrNamespace (rc)) {
2927                                                 return ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (rc, false);
2928                                         }
2929                                 }
2930
2931                                 var expr = NamespaceContainer.LookupStaticUsings (rc, Name, Arity, loc);
2932                                 if (expr != null) {
2933                                         if (Arity > 0) {
2934                                                 targs.Resolve (rc, false);
2935
2936                                                 var me = expr as MemberExpr;
2937                                                 if (me != null)
2938                                                         me.SetTypeArguments (rc, targs);
2939                                         }
2940                                         return expr;
2941                                 }
2942
2943                                 if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.NameOfExcluded) == 0 && Name == "nameof")
2944                                         return new NameOf (this);
2945
2946                                 if (errorMode) {
2947                                         if (variable_found) {
2948                                                 rc.Report.Error (841, loc, "A local variable `{0}' cannot be used before it is declared", Name);
2949                                         } else {
2950                                                 if (Arity > 0) {
2951                                                         var tparams = rc.CurrentTypeParameters;
2952                                                         if (tparams != null) {
2953                                                                 if (tparams.Find (Name) != null) {
2954                                                                         Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, "type parameter", Name, loc);
2955                                                                         return null;
2956                                                                 }
2957                                                         }
2958
2959                                                         var ct = rc.CurrentType;
2960                                                         do {
2961                                                                 if (ct.MemberDefinition.TypeParametersCount > 0) {
2962                                                                         foreach (var ctp in ct.MemberDefinition.TypeParameters) {
2963                                                                                 if (ctp.Name == Name) {
2964                                                                                         Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, "type parameter", Name, loc);
2965                                                                                         return null;
2966                                                                                 }
2967                                                                         }
2968                                                                 }
2969
2970                                                                 ct = ct.DeclaringType;
2971                                                         } while (ct != null);
2972                                                 }
2973
2974                                                 if ((restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly) == 0) {
2975                                                         e = rc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, Arity, LookupMode.IgnoreAccessibility, loc);
2976                                                         if (e != null) {
2977                                                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (e.Type);
2978                                                                 ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, e.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
2979                                                                 return e;
2980                                                         }
2981                                                 } else {
2982                                                         var me = MemberLookup (rc, false, rc.CurrentType, Name, Arity, restrictions & ~MemberLookupRestrictions.InvocableOnly, loc) as MemberExpr;
2983                                                         if (me != null) {
2984                                                                 Error_UnexpectedKind (rc, me, "method group", me.KindName, loc);
2985                                                                 return ErrorExpression.Instance;
2986                                                         }
2987                                                 }
2988
2989                                                 e = rc.LookupNamespaceOrType (Name, -System.Math.Max (1, Arity), LookupMode.Probing, loc);
2990                                                 if (e != null) {
2991                                                         if (e.Type.Arity != Arity && (restrictions & MemberLookupRestrictions.IgnoreArity) == 0) {
2992                                                                 Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, e.Type, loc);
2993                                                                 return e;
2994                                                         }
2995
2996                                                         if (e is TypeExpr) {
2997                                                                 // TypeExpression does not have correct location
2998                                                                 if (e is TypeExpression)
2999                                                                         e = new TypeExpression (e.Type, loc);
3000
3001                                                                 return e;
3002                                                         }
3003                                                 }
3004
3005                                                 Error_NameDoesNotExist (rc);
3006                                         }
3007
3008                                         return ErrorExpression.Instance;
3009                                 }
3010
3011                                 if (rc.Module.Evaluator != null) {
3012                                         var fi = rc.Module.Evaluator.LookupField (Name);
3013                                         if (fi != null)
3014                                                 return new FieldExpr (fi.Item1, loc);
3015                                 }
3016
3017                                 lookup_arity = 0;
3018                                 errorMode = true;
3019                         }
3020                 }
3021
3022                 Expression SimpleNameResolve (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
3023                 {
3024                         Expression e = LookupNameExpression (ec, right_side == null ? MemberLookupRestrictions.ReadAccess : MemberLookupRestrictions.None);
3025
3026                         if (e == null)
3027                                 return null;
3028
3029                         if (e is FullNamedExpression && e.eclass != ExprClass.Unresolved) {
3030                                 Error_UnexpectedKind (ec, e, "variable", e.ExprClassName, loc);
3031                                 return e;
3032                         }
3033
3034                         if (right_side != null) {
3035                                 e = e.ResolveLValue (ec, right_side);
3036                         } else {
3037                                 e = e.Resolve (ec);
3038                         }
3039
3040                         return e;
3041                 }
3042
3043                 public override object Accept (StructuralVisitor visitor)
3044                 {
3045                         return visitor.Visit (this);
3046                 }
3047         }
3048
3049         /// <summary>
3050         ///   Represents a namespace or a type.  The name of the class was inspired by
3051         ///   section 10.8.1 (Fully Qualified Names).
3052         /// </summary>
3053         public abstract class FullNamedExpression : Expression
3054         {
3055                 protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
3056                 {
3057                         // Do nothing, most unresolved type expressions cannot be
3058                         // resolved to different type
3059                 }
3060
3061                 public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
3062                 {
3063                         return false;
3064                 }
3065
3066                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
3067                 {
3068                         throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
3069                 }
3070
3071                 public abstract FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments);
3072
3073                 //
3074                 // This is used to resolve the expression as a type, a null
3075                 // value will be returned if the expression is not a type
3076                 // reference
3077                 //
3078                 public override TypeSpec ResolveAsType (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments = false)
3079                 {
3080                         FullNamedExpression fne = ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (mc, allowUnboundTypeArguments);
3081
3082                         if (fne == null)
3083                                 return null;
3084
3085                         TypeExpr te = fne as TypeExpr;
3086                         if (te == null) {
3087                                 Error_UnexpectedKind (mc, fne, "type", fne.ExprClassName, loc);
3088                                 return null;
3089                         }
3090
3091                         te.loc = loc;
3092
3093                         type = te.Type;
3094
3095                         var dep = type.GetMissingDependencies ();
3096                         if (dep != null) {
3097                                 ImportedTypeDefinition.Error_MissingDependency (mc, dep, loc);
3098                         }
3099
3100                         if (type.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
3101                                 mc.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (673, loc, "System.Void cannot be used from C#. Consider using `void'");
3102                         }
3103
3104                         //
3105                         // Obsolete checks cannot be done when resolving base context as they
3106                         // require type dependencies to be set but we are in process of resolving them
3107                         //
3108                         if (mc is ResolveContext) {
3109                                 var oa = type.GetAttributeObsolete ();
3110                                 if (oa != null && !mc.IsObsolete)
3111                                         AttributeTester.Report_ObsoleteMessage (oa, type.GetSignatureForError (), fne.Location, mc.Module.Compiler.Report);
3112                         }
3113
3114                         return type;
3115                 }
3116
3117
3118                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
3119                 {
3120                         throw new InternalErrorException ("FullNamedExpression `{0}' found in resolved tree",
3121                                 GetSignatureForError ());
3122                 }
3123         }
3124
3125         /// <summary>
3126         ///   Expression that evaluates to a type
3127         /// </summary>
3128         public abstract class TypeExpr : FullNamedExpression
3129         {
3130                 public sealed override FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments)
3131                 {
3132                         ResolveAsType (mc);
3133                         return this;
3134                 }
3135
3136                 protected sealed override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
3137                 {
3138                         ResolveAsType (ec);
3139                         return this;
3140                 }
3141
3142                 public override bool Equals (object obj)
3143                 {
3144                         TypeExpr tobj = obj as TypeExpr;
3145                         if (tobj == null)
3146                                 return false;
3147
3148                         return Type == tobj.Type;
3149                 }
3150
3151                 public override int GetHashCode ()
3152                 {
3153                         return Type.GetHashCode ();
3154                 }
3155         }
3156
3157         /// <summary>
3158         ///   Fully resolved Expression that already evaluated to a type
3159         /// </summary>
3160         public class TypeExpression : TypeExpr
3161         {
3162                 public TypeExpression (TypeSpec t, Location l)
3163                 {
3164                         Type = t;
3165                         eclass = ExprClass.Type;
3166                         loc = l;
3167                 }
3168
3169                 public sealed override TypeSpec ResolveAsType (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments = false)
3170                 {
3171                         return type;
3172                 }
3173         }
3174
3175         public class NamespaceExpression : FullNamedExpression
3176         {
3177                 readonly Namespace ns;
3178
3179                 public NamespaceExpression (Namespace ns, Location loc)
3180                 {
3181                         this.ns = ns;
3182                         this.Type = InternalType.Namespace;
3183                         this.eclass = ExprClass.Namespace;
3184                         this.loc = loc;
3185                 }
3186
3187                 public Namespace Namespace {
3188                         get {
3189                                 return ns;
3190                         }
3191                 }
3192
3193                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
3194                 {
3195                         throw new NotImplementedException ();
3196                 }
3197
3198                 public override FullNamedExpression ResolveAsTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext mc, bool allowUnboundTypeArguments)
3199                 {
3200                         return this;
3201                 }
3202
3203                 public void Error_NamespaceDoesNotExist (IMemberContext ctx, string name, int arity, Location loc)
3204                 {
3205                         var retval = Namespace.LookupType (ctx, name, arity, LookupMode.IgnoreAccessibility, loc);
3206                         if (retval != null) {
3207 //                              ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (retval.MemberDefinition);
3208                                 ErrorIsInaccesible (ctx, retval.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
3209                                 return;
3210                         }
3211
3212                         retval = Namespace.LookupType (ctx, name, -System.Math.Max (1, arity), LookupMode.Probing, loc);
3213                         if (retval != null) {
3214                                 Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ctx, retval, loc);
3215                                 return;
3216                         }
3217
3218                         Namespace ns;
3219                         if (arity > 0 && Namespace.TryGetNamespace (name, out ns)) {
3220                                 Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ctx, ExprClassName, ns.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
3221                                 return;
3222                         }
3223
3224                         string assembly = null;
3225                         string possible_name = Namespace.GetSignatureForError () + "." + name;
3226
3227                         // Only assembly unique name should be added
3228                         switch (possible_name) {
3229                         case "System.Drawing":
3230                         case "System.Web.Services":
3231                         case "System.Web":
3232                         case "System.Data":
3233                         case "System.Configuration":
3234                         case "System.Data.Services":
3235                         case "System.DirectoryServices":
3236                         case "System.Json":
3237                         case "System.Net.Http":
3238                         case "System.Numerics":
3239                         case "System.Runtime.Caching":
3240                         case "System.ServiceModel":
3241                         case "System.Transactions":
3242                         case "System.Web.Routing":
3243                         case "System.Xml.Linq":
3244                         case "System.Xml":
3245                                 assembly = possible_name;
3246                                 break;
3247
3248                         case "System.Linq":
3249                         case "System.Linq.Expressions":
3250                                 assembly = "System.Core";
3251                                 break;
3252
3253                         case "System.Windows.Forms":
3254                         case "System.Windows.Forms.Layout":
3255                                 assembly = "System.Windows.Forms";
3256                                 break;
3257                         }
3258
3259                         assembly = assembly == null ? "an" : "`" + assembly + "'";
3260
3261                         if (Namespace is GlobalRootNamespace) {
3262                                 ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (400, loc,
3263                                         "The type or namespace name `{0}' could not be found in the global namespace. Are you missing {1} assembly reference?",
3264                                         name, assembly);
3265                         } else {
3266                                 ctx.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (234, loc,
3267                                         "The type or namespace name `{0}' does not exist in the namespace `{1}'. Are you missing {2} assembly reference?",
3268                                         name, GetSignatureForError (), assembly);
3269                         }
3270                 }
3271
3272                 public override string GetSignatureForError ()
3273                 {
3274                         return ns.GetSignatureForError ();
3275                 }
3276
3277                 public FullNamedExpression LookupTypeOrNamespace (IMemberContext ctx, string name, int arity, LookupMode mode, Location loc)
3278                 {
3279                         return ns.LookupTypeOrNamespace (ctx, name, arity, mode, loc);
3280                 }
3281
3282                 public override string ToString ()
3283                 {
3284                         return Namespace.Name;
3285                 }
3286     }
3287
3288         /// <summary>
3289         ///   This class denotes an expression which evaluates to a member
3290         ///   of a struct or a class.
3291         /// </summary>
3292         public abstract class MemberExpr : Expression, OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier
3293         {
3294                 protected bool conditional_access_receiver;
3295
3296                 //
3297                 // An instance expression associated with this member, if it's a
3298                 // non-static member
3299                 //
3300                 public Expression InstanceExpression;
3301
3302                 /// <summary>
3303                 ///   The name of this member.
3304                 /// </summary>
3305                 public abstract string Name {
3306                         get;
3307                 }
3308
3309                 //
3310                 // When base.member is used
3311                 //
3312                 public bool IsBase {
3313                         get { return InstanceExpression is BaseThis; }
3314                 }
3315
3316                 /// <summary>
3317                 ///   Whether this is an instance member.
3318                 /// </summary>
3319                 public abstract bool IsInstance {
3320                         get;
3321                 }
3322
3323                 /// <summary>
3324                 ///   Whether this is a static member.
3325                 /// </summary>
3326                 public abstract bool IsStatic {
3327                         get;
3328                 }
3329
3330                 public abstract string KindName {
3331                         get;
3332                 }
3333
3334                 public bool ConditionalAccess { get; set; }
3335
3336                 protected abstract TypeSpec DeclaringType {
3337                         get;
3338                 }
3339
3340                 TypeSpec OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier.InstanceType {
3341                         get {
3342                                 return InstanceExpression.Type;
3343                         }
3344                 }
3345
3346                 //
3347                 // Converts best base candidate for virtual method starting from QueriedBaseType
3348                 //
3349                 protected MethodSpec CandidateToBaseOverride (ResolveContext rc, MethodSpec method)
3350                 {
3351                         //
3352                         // Only when base.member is used and method is virtual
3353                         //
3354                         if (!IsBase)
3355                                 return method;
3356
3357                         //
3358                         // Overload resulution works on virtual or non-virtual members only (no overrides). That
3359                         // means for base.member access we have to find the closest match after we found best candidate
3360                         //
3361                         if ((method.Modifiers & (Modifiers.ABSTRACT | Modifiers.VIRTUAL | Modifiers.OVERRIDE)) != 0) {
3362                                 //
3363                                 // The method could already be what we are looking for
3364                                 //
3365                                 TypeSpec[] targs = null;
3366                                 if (method.DeclaringType != InstanceExpression.Type) {
3367                                         //
3368                                         // Candidate can have inflated MVAR parameters and we need to find
3369                                         // base match for original definition not inflated parameter types
3370                                         //
3371                                         var parameters = method.Parameters;
3372                                         if (method.Arity > 0) {
3373                                                 parameters = ((IParametersMember) method.MemberDefinition).Parameters;
3374                                                 var inflated = method.DeclaringType as InflatedTypeSpec;
3375                                                 if (inflated != null) {
3376                                                         parameters = parameters.Inflate (inflated.CreateLocalInflator (rc));
3377                                                 }
3378                                         }
3379
3380                                         var filter = new MemberFilter (method.Name, method.Arity, MemberKind.Method, parameters, null);
3381                                         var base_override = MemberCache.FindMember (InstanceExpression.Type, filter, BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly | BindingRestriction.OverrideOnly) as MethodSpec;
3382                                         if (base_override != null && base_override.DeclaringType != method.DeclaringType) {
3383                                                 if (base_override.IsGeneric)
3384                                                         targs = method.TypeArguments;
3385
3386                                                 method = base_override;
3387                                         }
3388                                 }
3389
3390                                 //
3391                                 // When base access is used inside anonymous method/iterator/etc we need to
3392                                 // get back to the context of original type. We do it by emiting proxy
3393                                 // method in original class and rewriting base call to this compiler
3394                                 // generated method call which does the actual base invocation. This may
3395                                 // introduce redundant storey but with `this' only but it's tricky to avoid
3396                                 // at this stage as we don't know what expressions follow base
3397                                 //
3398                                 if (rc.CurrentAnonymousMethod != null) {
3399                                         if (targs == null && method.IsGeneric) {
3400                                                 targs = method.TypeArguments;
3401                                                 method = method.GetGenericMethodDefinition ();
3402                                         }
3403
3404                                         if (method.Parameters.HasArglist)
3405                                                 throw new NotImplementedException ("__arglist base call proxy");
3406
3407                                         method = rc.CurrentMemberDefinition.Parent.PartialContainer.CreateHoistedBaseCallProxy (rc, method);
3408
3409                                         // Ideally this should apply to any proxy rewrite but in the case of unary mutators on
3410                                         // get/set member expressions second call would fail to proxy because left expression
3411                                         // would be of 'this' and not 'base' because we share InstanceExpression for get/set
3412                                         // FIXME: The async check is another hack but will probably fail with mutators
3413                                         if (rc.CurrentType.IsStruct || rc.CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey is AsyncTaskStorey)
3414                                                 InstanceExpression = new This (loc).Resolve (rc);
3415                                 }
3416
3417                                 if (targs != null)
3418                                         method = method.MakeGenericMethod (rc, targs);
3419                         }
3420
3421                         //
3422                         // Only base will allow this invocation to happen.
3423                         //
3424                         if (method.IsAbstract) {
3425                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (method);
3426                                 Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (rc, method.GetSignatureForError ());
3427                         }
3428
3429                         return method;
3430                 }
3431
3432                 protected void CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member)
3433                 {
3434                         if (InstanceExpression == null)
3435                                 return;
3436
3437                         if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.PROTECTED) != 0 && !(InstanceExpression is This)) {
3438                                 if (!CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceExpression.Type)) {
3439                                         Error_ProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceExpression.Type, loc);
3440                                 }
3441                         }
3442                 }
3443
3444                 bool OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member)
3445                 {
3446                         if (InstanceExpression == null)
3447                                 return true;
3448
3449                         return InstanceExpression is This || CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceExpression.Type);
3450                 }
3451
3452                 public static bool CheckProtectedMemberAccess<T> (ResolveContext rc, T member, TypeSpec qualifier) where T : MemberSpec
3453                 {
3454                         var ct = rc.CurrentType;
3455                         if (ct == qualifier)
3456                                 return true;
3457
3458                         if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.INTERNAL) != 0 && member.DeclaringType.MemberDefinition.IsInternalAsPublic (ct.MemberDefinition.DeclaringAssembly))
3459                                 return true;
3460
3461                         qualifier = qualifier.GetDefinition ();
3462                         if (ct != qualifier && !IsSameOrBaseQualifier (ct, qualifier)) {
3463                                 return false;
3464                         }
3465
3466                         return true;
3467                 }
3468
3469                 public override bool ContainsEmitWithAwait ()
3470                 {
3471                         return InstanceExpression != null && InstanceExpression.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
3472                 }
3473
3474                 public override bool HasConditionalAccess ()
3475                 {
3476                         return ConditionalAccess || (InstanceExpression != null && InstanceExpression.HasConditionalAccess ());
3477                 }
3478
3479                 static bool IsSameOrBaseQualifier (TypeSpec type, TypeSpec qtype)
3480                 {
3481                         do {
3482                                 type = type.GetDefinition ();
3483
3484                                 if (type == qtype || TypeManager.IsFamilyAccessible (qtype, type))
3485                                         return true;
3486
3487                                 type = type.DeclaringType;
3488                         } while (type != null);
3489
3490                         return false;
3491                 }
3492
3493                 protected void DoBestMemberChecks<T> (ResolveContext rc, T member) where T : MemberSpec, IInterfaceMemberSpec
3494                 {
3495                         if (InstanceExpression != null) {
3496                                 InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Resolve (rc);
3497                                 CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member);
3498                         }
3499
3500                         if (member.MemberType.IsPointer && !rc.IsUnsafe) {
3501                                 UnsafeError (rc, loc);
3502                         }
3503
3504                         var dep = member.GetMissingDependencies ();
3505                         if (dep != null) {
3506                                 ImportedTypeDefinition.Error_MissingDependency (rc, dep, loc);
3507                         }
3508
3509                         member.CheckObsoleteness (rc, loc);
3510
3511                         if (!(member is FieldSpec))
3512                                 member.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
3513                 }
3514
3515                 protected virtual void Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (ResolveContext rc, string name)
3516                 {
3517                         rc.Report.Error (205, loc, "Cannot call an abstract base member `{0}'", name);
3518                 }
3519
3520                 public static void Error_ProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member, TypeSpec qualifier, Location loc)
3521                 {
3522                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);
3523                         rc.Report.Error (1540, loc,
3524                                 "Cannot access protected member `{0}' via a qualifier of type `{1}'. The qualifier must be of type `{2}' or derived from it",
3525                                 member.GetSignatureForError (), qualifier.GetSignatureForError (), rc.CurrentType.GetSignatureForError ());
3526                 }
3527
3528                 public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
3529                 {
3530                         if (InstanceExpression != null) {
3531                                 InstanceExpression.FlowAnalysis (fc);
3532                         }
3533                 }
3534
3535                 protected void ResolveConditionalAccessReceiver (ResolveContext rc)
3536                 {
3537                         if (!rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.DontSetConditionalAccessReceiver) && HasConditionalAccess ()) {
3538                                 conditional_access_receiver = true;
3539                         }
3540                 }
3541
3542                 public bool ResolveInstanceExpression (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
3543                 {
3544                         if (!ResolveInstanceExpressionCore (rc, rhs))
3545                                 return false;
3546
3547                         //
3548                         // Check intermediate value modification which won't have any effect
3549                         //
3550                         if (rhs != null && TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type)) {
3551                                 var fexpr = InstanceExpression as FieldExpr;
3552                                 if (fexpr != null) {
3553                                         if (!fexpr.Spec.IsReadOnly || rc.HasAny (ResolveContext.Options.FieldInitializerScope | ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope))
3554                                                 return true;
3555
3556                                         if (fexpr.IsStatic) {
3557                                                 rc.Report.Error (1650, loc, "Fields of static readonly field `{0}' cannot be assigned to (except in a static constructor or a variable initializer)",
3558                                                         fexpr.GetSignatureForError ());
3559                                         } else {
3560                                                 rc.Report.Error (1648, loc, "Members of readonly field `{0}' cannot be modified (except in a constructor or a variable initializer)",
3561                                                         fexpr.GetSignatureForError ());
3562                                         }
3563
3564                                         return true;
3565                                 }
3566
3567                                 if (InstanceExpression is PropertyExpr || InstanceExpression is IndexerExpr || InstanceExpression is Invocation) {
3568                                         if (rc.CurrentInitializerVariable != null) {
3569                                                 rc.Report.Error (1918, loc, "Members of value type `{0}' cannot be assigned using a property `{1}' object initializer",
3570                                                         InstanceExpression.Type.GetSignatureForError (), InstanceExpression.GetSignatureForError ());
3571                                         } else {
3572                                                 rc.Report.Error (1612, loc,
3573                                                         "Cannot modify a value type return value of `{0}'. Consider storing the value in a temporary variable",
3574                                                         InstanceExpression.GetSignatureForError ());
3575                                         }
3576
3577                                         return true;
3578                                 }
3579
3580                                 var lvr = InstanceExpression as LocalVariableReference;
3581                                 if (lvr != null) {
3582
3583                                         if (!lvr.local_info.IsReadonly)
3584                                                 return true;
3585
3586                                         rc.Report.Error (1654, loc, "Cannot assign to members of `{0}' because it is a `{1}'",
3587                                                 InstanceExpression.GetSignatureForError (), lvr.local_info.GetReadOnlyContext ());
3588                                 }
3589                         }
3590
3591                         return true;
3592                 }
3593
3594                 bool ResolveInstanceExpressionCore (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
3595                 {
3596                         if (IsStatic) {
3597                                 if (InstanceExpression != null) {
3598                                         if (InstanceExpression is TypeExpr) {
3599                                                 var t = InstanceExpression.Type;
3600                                                 do {
3601                                                         t.CheckObsoleteness (rc, loc);
3602
3603                                                         t = t.DeclaringType;
3604                                                 } while (t != null);
3605                                         } else {
3606                                                 var runtime_expr = InstanceExpression as RuntimeValueExpression;
3607                                                 if (runtime_expr == null || !runtime_expr.IsSuggestionOnly) {
3608                                                         rc.Report.Error (176, loc,
3609                                                                 "Static member `{0}' cannot be accessed with an instance reference, qualify it with a type name instead",
3610                                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
3611                                                 }
3612                                         }
3613
3614                                         InstanceExpression = null;
3615                                 }
3616
3617                                 return false;
3618                         }
3619
3620                         if (InstanceExpression == null || InstanceExpression is TypeExpr) {
3621                                 if (InstanceExpression != null || !This.IsThisAvailable (rc, true)) {
3622                                         if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.FieldInitializerScope)) {
3623                                                 rc.Report.Error (236, loc,
3624                                                         "A field initializer cannot reference the nonstatic field, method, or property `{0}'",
3625                                                         GetSignatureForError ());
3626                                         } else {
3627                                                 var fe = this as FieldExpr;
3628                                                 if (fe != null && fe.Spec.MemberDefinition is PrimaryConstructorField) {
3629                                                         if (rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.BaseInitializer)) {
3630                                                                 rc.Report.Error (9005, loc, "Constructor initializer cannot access primary constructor parameters");
3631                                                         } else  {
3632                                                                 rc.Report.Error (9006, loc, "An object reference is required to access primary constructor parameter `{0}'",
3633                                                                         fe.Name);
3634                                                         }
3635                                                 } else {
3636                                                         rc.Report.Error (120, loc,
3637                                                                 "An object reference is required to access non-static member `{0}'",
3638                                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
3639                                                 }
3640                                         }
3641
3642                                         InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (rc.CurrentType, loc).Resolve (rc);
3643                                         return false;
3644                                 }
3645
3646                                 if (!TypeManager.IsFamilyAccessible (rc.CurrentType, DeclaringType)) {
3647                                         rc.Report.Error (38, loc,
3648                                                 "Cannot access a nonstatic member of outer type `{0}' via nested type `{1}'",
3649                                                 DeclaringType.GetSignatureForError (), rc.CurrentType.GetSignatureForError ());
3650                                 }
3651
3652                                 InstanceExpression = new This (loc).Resolve (rc);
3653                                 return false;
3654                         }
3655
3656                         var me = InstanceExpression as MemberExpr;
3657                         if (me != null) {
3658                                 me.ResolveInstanceExpressionCore (rc, rhs);
3659
3660                                 var fe = me as FieldExpr;
3661                                 if (fe != null && fe.IsMarshalByRefAccess (rc)) {
3662                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (me.DeclaringType);
3663                                         rc.Report.Warning (1690, 1, loc,
3664                                                 "Cannot call methods, properties, or indexers on `{0}' because it is a value type member of a marshal-by-reference class",
3665                                                 me.GetSignatureForError ());
3666                                 }
3667
3668                                 return true;
3669                         }
3670
3671                         //
3672                         // Additional checks for l-value member access
3673                         //
3674                         if (rhs != null) {
3675                                 if (InstanceExpression is UnboxCast) {
3676                                         rc.Report.Error (445, InstanceExpression.Location, "Cannot modify the result of an unboxing conversion");
3677                                 }
3678                         }
3679
3680                         return true;
3681                 }
3682
3683                 public virtual MemberExpr ResolveMemberAccess (ResolveContext ec, Expression left, SimpleName original)
3684                 {
3685                         if (left != null && !ConditionalAccess && left.IsNull && TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (left.Type)) {
3686                                 ec.Report.Warning (1720, 1, left.Location,
3687                                         "Expression will always cause a `{0}'", "System.NullReferenceException");
3688                         }
3689
3690                         InstanceExpression = left;
3691                         return this;
3692                 }
3693
3694                 protected void EmitInstance (EmitContext ec, bool prepare_for_load)
3695                 {
3696                         var inst = new InstanceEmitter (InstanceExpression, TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type));
3697                         inst.Emit (ec, ConditionalAccess);
3698
3699                         if (prepare_for_load)
3700                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
3701                 }
3702
3703                 public abstract void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta);
3704         }
3705
3706         public class ExtensionMethodCandidates
3707         {
3708                 readonly NamespaceContainer container;
3709                 readonly IList<MethodSpec> methods;
3710                 readonly int index;
3711                 readonly IMemberContext context;
3712
3713                 public ExtensionMethodCandidates (IMemberContext context, IList<MethodSpec> methods, NamespaceContainer nsContainer, int lookupIndex)
3714                 {
3715                         this.context = context;
3716                         this.methods = methods;
3717                         this.container = nsContainer;
3718                         this.index = lookupIndex;
3719                 }
3720
3721                 public NamespaceContainer Container {
3722                         get {
3723                                 return container;
3724                         }
3725                 }
3726
3727                 public IMemberContext Context {
3728                         get {
3729                                 return context;
3730                         }
3731                 }
3732
3733                 public int LookupIndex {
3734                         get {
3735                                 return index;
3736                         }
3737                 }
3738
3739                 public IList<MethodSpec> Methods {
3740                         get {
3741                                 return methods;
3742                         }
3743                 }
3744         }
3745
3746         //
3747         // Represents a group of extension method candidates for whole namespace
3748         //
3749         class ExtensionMethodGroupExpr : MethodGroupExpr, OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler
3750         {
3751                 ExtensionMethodCandidates candidates;
3752                 public Expression ExtensionExpression;
3753
3754                 public ExtensionMethodGroupExpr (ExtensionMethodCandidates candidates, Expression extensionExpr, Location loc)
3755                         : base (candidates.Methods.Cast<MemberSpec>().ToList (), extensionExpr.Type, loc)
3756                 {
3757                         this.candidates = candidates;
3758                         this.ExtensionExpression = extensionExpr;
3759                 }
3760
3761                 public override bool IsStatic {
3762                         get { return true; }
3763                 }
3764
3765                 //
3766                 // For extension methodgroup we are not looking for base members but parent
3767                 // namespace extension methods
3768                 //
3769                 public override IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec baseType)
3770                 {
3771                         // TODO: candidates are null only when doing error reporting, that's
3772                         // incorrect. We have to discover same extension methods in error mode
3773                         if (candidates == null)
3774                                 return null;
3775
3776                         int arity = type_arguments == null ? 0 : type_arguments.Count;
3777
3778                         candidates = candidates.Container.LookupExtensionMethod (candidates.Context, Name, arity, candidates.LookupIndex);
3779                         if (candidates == null)
3780                                 return null;
3781
3782                         return candidates.Methods.Cast<MemberSpec> ().ToList ();
3783                 }
3784
3785                 public static bool IsExtensionTypeCompatible (TypeSpec argType, TypeSpec extensionType)
3786                 {
3787                         //
3788                         // Indentity, implicit reference or boxing conversion must exist for the extension parameter
3789                         //
3790                         // LAMESPEC: or implicit type parameter conversion
3791                         //
3792                         return argType == extensionType ||
3793                                 TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (argType, extensionType) ||
3794                                 Convert.ImplicitReferenceConversionExists (argType, extensionType, false) ||
3795                                 Convert.ImplicitBoxingConversion (null, argType, extensionType) != null;
3796                 }
3797
3798                 public bool ResolveNameOf (ResolveContext rc, MemberAccess ma)
3799                 {
3800                         rc.Report.Error (8093, ma.Location, "An argument to nameof operator cannot be extension method group");
3801
3802                         // Not included in C#6
3803                         /*
3804                         ExtensionExpression = ExtensionExpression.Resolve (rc);
3805                         if (ExtensionExpression == null)
3806                                 return false;
3807
3808                         var argType = ExtensionExpression.Type;
3809                         foreach (MethodSpec candidate in Candidates) {
3810                                 if (ExtensionMethodGroupExpr.IsExtensionTypeCompatible (argType, candidate.Parameters.ExtensionMethodType))
3811                                         return true;
3812                         }
3813
3814                         // TODO: Scan full hierarchy
3815
3816                         ma.Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (rc, argType, ma.Name);
3817                         */
3818                         return false;
3819                 }
3820
3821                 public override MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc)
3822                 {
3823                         // We are already here
3824                         return null;
3825                 }
3826
3827                 public override MethodGroupExpr OverloadResolve (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments arguments, OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler ehandler, OverloadResolver.Restrictions restr)
3828                 {
3829                         if (arguments == null)
3830                                 arguments = new Arguments (1);
3831
3832                         ExtensionExpression = ExtensionExpression.Resolve (ec);
3833                         if (ExtensionExpression == null)
3834                                 return null;
3835
3836                         var cand = candidates;
3837                         var atype = ConditionalAccess ? Argument.AType.ExtensionTypeConditionalAccess : Argument.AType.ExtensionType;
3838                         arguments.Insert (0, new Argument (ExtensionExpression, atype));
3839                         var res = base.OverloadResolve (ec, ref arguments, ehandler ?? this, restr);
3840
3841                         // Restore candidates in case we are running in probing mode
3842                         candidates = cand;
3843
3844                         // Store resolved argument and restore original arguments
3845                         if (res == null) {
3846                                 // Clean-up modified arguments for error reporting
3847                                 arguments.RemoveAt (0);
3848                                 return null;
3849                         }
3850
3851                         var me = ExtensionExpression as MemberExpr;
3852                         if (me != null) {
3853                                 me.ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, null);
3854                                 var fe = me as FieldExpr;
3855                                 if (fe != null)
3856                                         fe.Spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
3857                         }
3858
3859                         InstanceExpression = null;
3860                         return this;
3861                 }
3862
3863                 #region IErrorHandler Members
3864
3865                 bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.AmbiguousCandidates (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, MemberSpec ambiguous)
3866                 {
3867                         return false;
3868                 }
3869
3870                 bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.ArgumentMismatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, Argument arg, int index)
3871                 {
3872                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best);
3873
3874                         if (index == 0) {
3875                                 rc.Report.Error (1929, loc,
3876                                         "Type `{0}' does not contain a member `{1}' and the best extension method overload `{2}' requires an instance of type `{3}'",
3877                                         queried_type.GetSignatureForError (), Name, best.GetSignatureForError (), ((MethodSpec)best).Parameters.ExtensionMethodType.GetSignatureForError ());
3878                         } else {
3879                                 rc.Report.Error (1928, loc,
3880                                         "Type `{0}' does not contain a member `{1}' and the best extension method overload `{2}' has some invalid arguments",
3881                                         queried_type.GetSignatureForError (), Name, best.GetSignatureForError ());
3882                         }
3883
3884                         return true;
3885                 }
3886
3887                 bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.NoArgumentMatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best)
3888                 {
3889                         return false;
3890                 }
3891
3892                 bool OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler.TypeInferenceFailed (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best)
3893                 {
3894                         return false;
3895                 }
3896
3897                 #endregion
3898         }
3899
3900         /// <summary>
3901         ///   MethodGroupExpr represents a group of method candidates which
3902         ///   can be resolved to the best method overload
3903         /// </summary>
3904         public class MethodGroupExpr : MemberExpr, OverloadResolver.IBaseMembersProvider
3905         {
3906                 static readonly MemberSpec[] Excluded = new MemberSpec[0];
3907
3908                 protected IList<MemberSpec> Methods;
3909                 MethodSpec best_candidate;
3910                 TypeSpec best_candidate_return;
3911                 protected TypeArguments type_arguments;
3912
3913                 SimpleName simple_name;
3914                 protected TypeSpec queried_type;
3915
3916                 public MethodGroupExpr (IList<MemberSpec> mi, TypeSpec type, Location loc)
3917                 {
3918                         Methods = mi;
3919                         this.loc = loc;
3920                         this.type = InternalType.MethodGroup;
3921
3922                         eclass = ExprClass.MethodGroup;
3923                         queried_type = type;
3924                 }
3925
3926                 public MethodGroupExpr (MethodSpec m, TypeSpec type, Location loc)
3927                         : this (new MemberSpec[] { m }, type, loc)
3928                 {
3929                 }
3930
3931                 #region Properties
3932
3933                 public MethodSpec BestCandidate {
3934                         get {
3935                                 return best_candidate;
3936                         }
3937                 }
3938
3939                 public TypeSpec BestCandidateReturnType {
3940                         get {
3941                                 return best_candidate_return;
3942                         }
3943                 }
3944
3945                 public IList<MemberSpec> Candidates {
3946                         get {
3947                                 return Methods;
3948                         }
3949                 }
3950
3951                 protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
3952                         get {
3953                                 return queried_type;
3954                         }
3955                 }
3956
3957                 public bool IsConditionallyExcluded {
3958                         get {
3959                                 return Methods == Excluded;
3960                         }
3961                 }
3962
3963                 public override bool IsInstance {
3964                         get {
3965                                 if (best_candidate != null)
3966                                         return !best_candidate.IsStatic;
3967
3968                                 return false;
3969                         }
3970                 }
3971
3972                 public override bool IsSideEffectFree {
3973                         get {
3974                                 return InstanceExpression == null || InstanceExpression.IsSideEffectFree;
3975                         }
3976                 }
3977
3978                 public override bool IsStatic {
3979                         get {
3980                                 if (best_candidate != null)
3981                                         return best_candidate.IsStatic;
3982
3983                                 return false;
3984                         }
3985                 }
3986
3987                 public override string KindName {
3988                         get { return "method"; }
3989                 }
3990
3991                 public override string Name {
3992                         get {
3993                                 if (best_candidate != null)
3994                                         return best_candidate.Name;
3995
3996                                 // TODO: throw ?
3997                                 return Methods.First ().Name;
3998                         }
3999                 }
4000
4001                 #endregion
4002
4003                 //
4004                 // When best candidate is already know this factory can be used
4005                 // to avoid expensive overload resolution to be called
4006                 //
4007                 // NOTE: InstanceExpression has to be set manually
4008                 //
4009                 public static MethodGroupExpr CreatePredefined (MethodSpec best, TypeSpec queriedType, Location loc)
4010                 {
4011                         return new MethodGroupExpr (best, queriedType, loc) {
4012                                 best_candidate = best,
4013                                 best_candidate_return = best.ReturnType
4014                         };
4015                 }
4016
4017                 public override string GetSignatureForError ()
4018                 {
4019                         if (best_candidate != null)
4020                                 return best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ();
4021
4022                         return Methods.First ().GetSignatureForError ();
4023                 }
4024
4025                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
4026                 {
4027                         if (best_candidate == null) {
4028                                 ec.Report.Error (1953, loc, "An expression tree cannot contain an expression with method group");
4029                                 return null;
4030                         }
4031
4032                         if (IsConditionallyExcluded)
4033                                 ec.Report.Error (765, loc,
4034                                         "Partial methods with only a defining declaration or removed conditional methods cannot be used in an expression tree");
4035
4036                         if (ConditionalAccess)
4037                                 Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ec);
4038
4039                         return new TypeOfMethod (best_candidate, loc);
4040                 }
4041
4042                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
4043                 {
4044                         this.eclass = ExprClass.MethodGroup;
4045
4046                         if (InstanceExpression != null) {
4047                                 InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Resolve (ec);
4048                                 if (InstanceExpression == null)
4049                                         return null;
4050                         }
4051
4052                         return this;
4053                 }
4054
4055                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
4056                 {
4057                         throw new NotSupportedException ();
4058                 }
4059
4060                 public void EmitCall (EmitContext ec, Arguments arguments, bool statement)
4061                 {
4062                         var call = new CallEmitter ();
4063                         call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
4064                         call.ConditionalAccess = ConditionalAccess;
4065
4066                         if (statement)
4067                                 call.EmitStatement (ec, best_candidate, arguments, loc);
4068                         else
4069                                 call.Emit (ec, best_candidate, arguments, loc);
4070                 }
4071
4072                 public void EmitCall (EmitContext ec, Arguments arguments, TypeSpec conditionalAccessReceiver, bool statement)
4073                 {
4074                         var ca = ec.ConditionalAccess;
4075                         ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (conditionalAccessReceiver, ec.DefineLabel ()) {
4076                                 Statement = statement
4077                         };
4078
4079                         EmitCall (ec, arguments, statement);
4080
4081                         ec.CloseConditionalAccess (!statement && best_candidate_return != conditionalAccessReceiver && conditionalAccessReceiver.IsNullableType ? conditionalAccessReceiver : null);
4082                         ec.ConditionalAccess = ca;
4083                 }
4084
4085                 public override void Error_ValueCannotBeConverted (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec target, bool expl)
4086                 {
4087                         if (target != InternalType.ErrorType) {
4088                                 ec.Report.Error (428, loc, "Cannot convert method group `{0}' to non-delegate type `{1}'. Consider using parentheses to invoke the method",
4089                                         Name, target.GetSignatureForError ());
4090                         }
4091                 }
4092
4093                 public bool HasAccessibleCandidate (ResolveContext rc)
4094                 {
4095                         foreach (var candidate in Candidates) {
4096                                 if (candidate.IsAccessible (rc))
4097                                         return true;
4098                         }
4099
4100                         return false;
4101                 }
4102
4103                 public static bool IsExtensionMethodArgument (Expression expr)
4104                 {
4105                         //
4106                         // LAMESPEC: No details about which expressions are not allowed
4107                         //
4108                         return !(expr is TypeExpr) && !(expr is BaseThis);
4109                 }
4110
4111                 /// <summary>
4112                 ///   Find the Applicable Function Members (7.4.2.1)
4113                 ///
4114                 ///   me: Method Group expression with the members to select.
4115                 ///       it might contain constructors or methods (or anything
4116                 ///       that maps to a method).
4117                 ///
4118                 ///   Arguments: ArrayList containing resolved Argument objects.
4119                 ///
4120                 ///   loc: The location if we want an error to be reported, or a Null
4121                 ///        location for "probing" purposes.
4122                 ///
4123                 ///   Returns: The MethodBase (either a ConstructorInfo or a MethodInfo)
4124                 ///            that is the best match of me on Arguments.
4125                 ///
4126                 /// </summary>
4127                 public virtual MethodGroupExpr OverloadResolve (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments args, OverloadResolver.IErrorHandler cerrors, OverloadResolver.Restrictions restr)
4128                 {
4129                         // TODO: causes issues with probing mode, remove explicit Kind check
4130                         if (best_candidate != null && best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Destructor)
4131                                 return this;
4132
4133                         var r = new OverloadResolver (Methods, type_arguments, restr, loc);
4134                         if ((restr & OverloadResolver.Restrictions.NoBaseMembers) == 0) {
4135                                 r.BaseMembersProvider = this;
4136                                 r.InstanceQualifier = this;
4137                         }
4138
4139                         if (cerrors != null)
4140                                 r.CustomErrors = cerrors;
4141
4142                         // TODO: When in probing mode do IsApplicable only and when called again do VerifyArguments for full error reporting
4143                         best_candidate = r.ResolveMember<MethodSpec> (ec, ref args);
4144                         if (best_candidate == null) {
4145                                 if (!r.BestCandidateIsDynamic)
4146                                         return null;
4147
4148                                 if (simple_name != null && ec.IsStatic)
4149                                         InstanceExpression = ProbeIdenticalTypeName (ec, InstanceExpression, simple_name);
4150
4151                                 return this;
4152                         }
4153
4154                         // Overload resolver had to create a new method group, all checks bellow have already been executed
4155                         if (r.BestCandidateNewMethodGroup != null)
4156                                 return r.BestCandidateNewMethodGroup;
4157
4158                         if (best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Method && (restr & OverloadResolver.Restrictions.ProbingOnly) == 0) {
4159                                 if (InstanceExpression != null) {
4160                                         if (best_candidate.IsExtensionMethod && args[0].Expr == InstanceExpression) {
4161                                                 InstanceExpression = null;
4162                                         } else {
4163                                                 if (simple_name != null && best_candidate.IsStatic) {
4164                                                         InstanceExpression = ProbeIdenticalTypeName (ec, InstanceExpression, simple_name);
4165                                                 }
4166
4167                                                 InstanceExpression.Resolve (ec, ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue | ResolveFlags.MethodGroup | ResolveFlags.Type);
4168                                         }
4169                                 }
4170
4171                                 ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, null);
4172                         }
4173
4174                         var base_override = CandidateToBaseOverride (ec, best_candidate);
4175                         if (base_override == best_candidate) {
4176                                 best_candidate_return = r.BestCandidateReturnType;
4177                         } else {
4178                                 best_candidate = base_override;
4179                                 best_candidate_return = best_candidate.ReturnType;
4180                         }
4181
4182                         if (best_candidate.IsGeneric && (restr & OverloadResolver.Restrictions.ProbingOnly) == 0 && TypeParameterSpec.HasAnyTypeParameterConstrained (best_candidate.GenericDefinition)) {
4183                                 ConstraintChecker cc = new ConstraintChecker (ec);
4184                                 cc.CheckAll (best_candidate.GetGenericMethodDefinition (), best_candidate.TypeArguments, best_candidate.Constraints, loc);
4185                         }
4186
4187                         //
4188                         // Additional check for possible imported base override method which
4189                         // could not be done during IsOverrideMethodBaseTypeAccessible
4190                         //
4191                         if (best_candidate.IsVirtual && (best_candidate.DeclaringType.Modifiers & Modifiers.PROTECTED) != 0 &&
4192                                 best_candidate.MemberDefinition.IsImported && !best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (ec)) {
4193                                 ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
4194                                 ErrorIsInaccesible (ec, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
4195                         }
4196
4197                         // Speed up the check by not doing it on disallowed targets
4198                         if (best_candidate_return.Kind == MemberKind.Void && best_candidate.IsConditionallyExcluded (ec))
4199                                 Methods = Excluded;
4200
4201                         return this;
4202                 }
4203
4204                 public override MemberExpr ResolveMemberAccess (ResolveContext ec, Expression left, SimpleName original)
4205                 {
4206                         var fe = left as FieldExpr;
4207                         if (fe != null) {
4208                                 //
4209                                 // Using method-group on struct fields makes the struct assigned. I am not sure
4210                                 // why but that's what .net does
4211                                 //
4212                                 fe.Spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();
4213                         }
4214
4215                         simple_name = original;
4216                         return base.ResolveMemberAccess (ec, left, original);
4217                 }
4218
4219                 public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
4220                 {
4221                         type_arguments = ta;
4222                 }
4223
4224                 #region IBaseMembersProvider Members
4225
4226                 public virtual IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec baseType)
4227                 {
4228                         return baseType == null ? null : MemberCache.FindMembers (baseType, Methods [0].Name, false);
4229                 }
4230
4231                 public IParametersMember GetOverrideMemberParameters (MemberSpec member)
4232                 {
4233                         if (queried_type == member.DeclaringType)
4234                                 return null;
4235
4236                         return MemberCache.FindMember (queried_type, new MemberFilter ((MethodSpec) member),
4237                                 BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly | BindingRestriction.OverrideOnly) as IParametersMember;
4238                 }
4239
4240                 //
4241                 // Extension methods lookup after ordinary methods candidates failed to apply
4242                 //
4243                 public virtual MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc)
4244                 {
4245                         if (InstanceExpression == null || InstanceExpression.eclass == ExprClass.Type)
4246                                 return null;
4247
4248                         if (!IsExtensionMethodArgument (InstanceExpression))
4249                                 return null;
4250
4251                         int arity = type_arguments == null ? 0 : type_arguments.Count;
4252                         var methods = rc.LookupExtensionMethod (Methods[0].Name, arity);
4253                         if (methods == null)
4254                                 return null;
4255
4256                         var emg = new ExtensionMethodGroupExpr (methods, InstanceExpression, loc);
4257                         emg.SetTypeArguments (rc, type_arguments);
4258                         return emg;
4259                 }
4260
4261                 #endregion
4262         }
4263
4264         struct ConstructorInstanceQualifier : OverloadResolver.IInstanceQualifier
4265         {
4266                 public ConstructorInstanceQualifier (TypeSpec type)
4267                         : this ()
4268                 {
4269                         InstanceType = type;
4270                 }
4271
4272                 public TypeSpec InstanceType { get; private set; }
4273
4274                 public bool CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member)
4275                 {
4276                         return MemberExpr.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member, InstanceType);
4277                 }
4278         }
4279
4280         public struct OverloadResolver
4281         {
4282                 [Flags]
4283                 public enum Restrictions
4284                 {
4285                         None = 0,
4286                         DelegateInvoke = 1,
4287                         ProbingOnly     = 1 << 1,
4288                         CovariantDelegate = 1 << 2,
4289                         NoBaseMembers = 1 << 3,
4290                         BaseMembersIncluded = 1 << 4,
4291                         GetEnumeratorLookup = 1 << 5
4292                 }
4293
4294                 public interface IBaseMembersProvider
4295                 {
4296                         IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec baseType);
4297                         IParametersMember GetOverrideMemberParameters (MemberSpec member);
4298                         MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc);
4299                 }
4300
4301                 public interface IErrorHandler
4302                 {
4303                         bool AmbiguousCandidates (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, MemberSpec ambiguous);
4304                         bool ArgumentMismatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best, Argument a, int index);
4305                         bool NoArgumentMatch (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best);
4306                         bool TypeInferenceFailed (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best);
4307                 }
4308
4309                 public interface IInstanceQualifier
4310                 {
4311                         TypeSpec InstanceType { get; }
4312                         bool CheckProtectedMemberAccess (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec member);
4313                 }
4314
4315                 sealed class NoBaseMembers : IBaseMembersProvider
4316                 {
4317                         public static readonly IBaseMembersProvider Instance = new NoBaseMembers ();
4318
4319                         public IList<MemberSpec> GetBaseMembers (TypeSpec baseType)
4320                         {
4321                                 return null;
4322                         }
4323
4324                         public IParametersMember GetOverrideMemberParameters (MemberSpec member)
4325                         {
4326                                 return null;
4327                         }
4328
4329                         public MethodGroupExpr LookupExtensionMethod (ResolveContext rc)
4330                         {
4331                                 return null;
4332                         }
4333                 }
4334
4335                 struct AmbiguousCandidate
4336                 {
4337                         public readonly MemberSpec Member;
4338                         public readonly bool Expanded;
4339                         public readonly AParametersCollection Parameters;
4340
4341                         public AmbiguousCandidate (MemberSpec member, AParametersCollection parameters, bool expanded)
4342                         {
4343                                 Member = member;
4344                                 Parameters = parameters;
4345                                 Expanded = expanded;
4346                         }
4347                 }
4348
4349                 Location loc;
4350                 IList<MemberSpec> members;
4351                 TypeArguments type_arguments;
4352                 IBaseMembersProvider base_provider;
4353                 IErrorHandler custom_errors;
4354                 IInstanceQualifier instance_qualifier;
4355                 Restrictions restrictions;
4356                 MethodGroupExpr best_candidate_extension_group;
4357                 TypeSpec best_candidate_return_type;
4358
4359                 SessionReportPrinter lambda_conv_msgs;
4360
4361                 public OverloadResolver (IList<MemberSpec> members, Restrictions restrictions, Location loc)
4362                         : this (members, null, restrictions, loc)
4363                 {
4364                 }
4365
4366                 public OverloadResolver (IList<MemberSpec> members, TypeArguments targs, Restrictions restrictions, Location loc)
4367                         : this ()
4368                 {
4369                         if (members == null || members.Count == 0)
4370                                 throw new ArgumentException ("empty members set");
4371
4372                         this.members = members;
4373                         this.loc = loc;
4374                         type_arguments = targs;
4375                         this.restrictions = restrictions;
4376                         if (IsDelegateInvoke)
4377                                 this.restrictions |= Restrictions.NoBaseMembers;
4378
4379                         base_provider = NoBaseMembers.Instance;
4380                 }
4381
4382                 #region Properties
4383
4384                 public IBaseMembersProvider BaseMembersProvider {
4385                         get {
4386                                 return base_provider;
4387                         }
4388                         set {
4389                                 base_provider = value;
4390                         }
4391                 }
4392
4393                 public bool BestCandidateIsDynamic { get; set; }
4394
4395                 //
4396                 // Best candidate was found in newly created MethodGroupExpr, used by extension methods
4397                 //
4398                 public MethodGroupExpr BestCandidateNewMethodGroup {
4399                         get {
4400                                 return best_candidate_extension_group;
4401                         }
4402                 }
4403
4404                 //
4405                 // Return type can be different between best candidate and closest override
4406                 //
4407                 public TypeSpec BestCandidateReturnType {
4408                         get {
4409                                 return best_candidate_return_type;
4410                         }
4411                 }
4412
4413                 public IErrorHandler CustomErrors {
4414                         get {
4415                                 return custom_errors;
4416                         }
4417                         set {
4418                                 custom_errors = value;
4419                         }
4420                 }
4421
4422                 TypeSpec DelegateType {
4423                         get {
4424                                 if ((restrictions & Restrictions.DelegateInvoke) == 0)
4425                                         throw new InternalErrorException ("Not running in delegate mode", loc);
4426
4427                                 return members [0].DeclaringType;
4428                         }
4429                 }
4430
4431                 public IInstanceQualifier InstanceQualifier {
4432                         get {
4433                                 return instance_qualifier;
4434                         }
4435                         set {
4436                                 instance_qualifier = value;
4437                         }
4438                 }
4439
4440                 bool IsProbingOnly {
4441                         get {
4442                                 return (restrictions & Restrictions.ProbingOnly) != 0;
4443                         }
4444                 }
4445
4446                 bool IsDelegateInvoke {
4447                         get {
4448                                 return (restrictions & Restrictions.DelegateInvoke) != 0;
4449                         }
4450                 }
4451
4452                 #endregion
4453
4454                 //
4455                 //  7.4.3.3  Better conversion from expression
4456                 //  Returns :   1    if a->p is better,
4457                 //              2    if a->q is better,
4458                 //              0 if neither is better
4459                 //
4460                 static int BetterExpressionConversion (ResolveContext ec, Argument a, TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
4461                 {
4462                         TypeSpec argument_type = a.Type;
4463
4464                         //
4465                         // If argument is an anonymous function
4466                         //
4467                         if (argument_type == InternalType.AnonymousMethod && ec.Module.Compiler.Settings.Version > LanguageVersion.ISO_2) {
4468                                 //
4469                                 // p and q are delegate types or expression tree types
4470                                 //
4471                                 if (p.IsExpressionTreeType || q.IsExpressionTreeType) {
4472                                         if (q.MemberDefinition != p.MemberDefinition) {
4473                                                 return 0;
4474                                         }
4475
4476                                         //
4477                                         // Uwrap delegate from Expression<T>
4478                                         //
4479                                         q = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (q)[0];
4480                                         p = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (p)[0];
4481                                 }
4482
4483                                 var p_m = Delegate.GetInvokeMethod (p);
4484                                 var q_m = Delegate.GetInvokeMethod (q);
4485
4486                                 //
4487                                 // With identical parameter lists
4488                                 //
4489                                 if (!TypeSpecComparer.Equals (p_m.Parameters.Types, q_m.Parameters.Types))
4490                                         return 0;
4491
4492                                 p = p_m.ReturnType;
4493                                 var orig_q = q;
4494                                 q = q_m.ReturnType;
4495
4496                                 //
4497                                 // if p is void returning, and q has a return type Y, then C2 is the better conversion.
4498                                 //
4499                                 if (p.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
4500                                         return q.Kind != MemberKind.Void ? 2 : 0;
4501                                 }
4502
4503                                 //
4504                                 // if p has a return type Y, and q is void returning, then C1 is the better conversion.
4505                                 //
4506                                 if (q.Kind == MemberKind.Void) {
4507                                         return p.Kind != MemberKind.Void ? 1: 0;
4508                                 }
4509
4510                                 var am = (AnonymousMethodExpression) a.Expr;
4511
4512                                 //
4513                                 // When anonymous method is an asynchronous, and P has a return type Task<Y1>, and Q has a return type Task<Y2>
4514                                 // better conversion is performed between underlying types Y1 and Y2
4515                                 //
4516                                 if (p.IsGenericTask || q.IsGenericTask) {
4517                                         if (am.Block.IsAsync && p.IsGenericTask && q.IsGenericTask) {
4518                                                 q = q.TypeArguments[0];
4519                                                 p = p.TypeArguments[0];
4520                                         }
4521                                 }
4522
4523                                 if (q != p) {
4524                                         //
4525                                         // An inferred return type X exists for E in the context of that parameter list, and
4526                                         // the conversion from X to Y1 is better than the conversion from X to Y2
4527                                         //
4528                                         argument_type = am.InferReturnType (ec, null, orig_q);
4529                                         if (argument_type == null) {
4530                                                 // TODO: Can this be hit?
4531                                                 return 1;
4532                                         }
4533
4534                                         if (argument_type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic)
4535                                                 argument_type = ec.BuiltinTypes.Object;
4536                                 }
4537                         }
4538
4539                         if (argument_type == p)
4540                                 return 1;
4541
4542                         if (argument_type == q)
4543                                 return 2;
4544
4545                         //
4546                         // The parameters are identicial and return type is not void, use better type conversion
4547                         // on return type to determine better one
4548                         //
4549                         return BetterTypeConversion (ec, p, q);
4550                 }
4551
4552                 //
4553                 // 7.4.3.4  Better conversion from type
4554                 //
4555                 public static int BetterTypeConversion (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
4556                 {
4557                         if (p == null || q == null)
4558                                 throw new InternalErrorException ("BetterTypeConversion got a null conversion");
4559
4560                         switch (p.BuiltinType) {
4561                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
4562                                 if (q.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt || q.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
4563                                         return 1;
4564                                 break;
4565                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
4566                                 if (q.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
4567                                         return 1;
4568                                 break;
4569                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
4570                                 switch (q.BuiltinType) {
4571                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
4572                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
4573                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
4574                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
4575                                         return 1;
4576                                 }
4577                                 break;
4578                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
4579                                 switch (q.BuiltinType) {
4580                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
4581                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
4582                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
4583                                         return 1;
4584                                 }
4585                                 break;
4586                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic:
4587                                 // Dynamic is never better
4588                                 return 2;
4589                         }
4590
4591                         switch (q.BuiltinType) {
4592                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
4593                                 if (p.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt || p.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
4594                                         return 2;
4595                                 break;
4596                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
4597                                 if (p.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong)
4598                                         return 2;
4599                                 break;
4600                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
4601                                 switch (p.BuiltinType) {
4602                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
4603                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
4604                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
4605                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
4606                                         return 2;
4607                                 }
4608                                 break;
4609                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
4610                                 switch (p.BuiltinType) {
4611                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
4612                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
4613                                 case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
4614                                         return 2;
4615                                 }
4616                                 break;
4617                         case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic:
4618                                 // Dynamic is never better
4619                                 return 1;
4620                         }
4621
4622                         // FIXME: handle lifted operators
4623
4624                         // TODO: this is expensive
4625                         Expression p_tmp = new EmptyExpression (p);
4626                         Expression q_tmp = new EmptyExpression (q);
4627
4628                         bool p_to_q = Convert.ImplicitConversionExists (ec, p_tmp, q);
4629                         bool q_to_p = Convert.ImplicitConversionExists (ec, q_tmp, p);
4630
4631                         if (p_to_q && !q_to_p)
4632                                 return 1;
4633
4634                         if (q_to_p && !p_to_q)
4635                                 return 2;
4636
4637                         return 0;
4638                 }
4639
4640                 /// <summary>
4641                 ///   Determines "Better function" between candidate
4642                 ///   and the current best match
4643                 /// </summary>
4644                 /// <remarks>
4645                 ///    Returns a boolean indicating :
4646                 ///     false if candidate ain't better
4647                 ///     true  if candidate is better than the current best match
4648                 /// </remarks>
4649                 static bool BetterFunction (ResolveContext ec, Arguments args, MemberSpec candidate, AParametersCollection cparam, bool candidate_params,
4650                         MemberSpec best, AParametersCollection bparam, bool best_params)
4651                 {
4652                         AParametersCollection candidate_pd = ((IParametersMember) candidate).Parameters;
4653                         AParametersCollection best_pd = ((IParametersMember) best).Parameters;
4654
4655                         bool better_at_least_one = false;
4656                         bool are_equivalent = true;
4657                         int args_count = args == null ? 0 : args.Count;
4658                         int j = 0;
4659                         Argument a = null;
4660                         TypeSpec ct, bt;
4661                         for (int c_idx = 0, b_idx = 0; j < args_count; ++j, ++c_idx, ++b_idx) {
4662                                 a = args[j];
4663
4664                                 // Default arguments are ignored for better decision
4665                                 if (a.IsDefaultArgument)
4666                                         break;
4667
4668                                 //
4669                                 // When comparing named argument the parameter type index has to be looked up
4670                                 // in original parameter set (override version for virtual members)
4671                                 //
4672                                 NamedArgument na = a as NamedArgument;
4673                                 if (na != null) {
4674                                         int idx = cparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);
4675                                         ct = candidate_pd.Types[idx];
4676                                         if (candidate_params && candidate_pd.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS)
4677                                                 ct = TypeManager.GetElementType (ct);
4678
4679                                         idx = bparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);
4680                                         bt = best_pd.Types[idx];
4681                                         if (best_params && best_pd.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS)
4682                                                 bt = TypeManager.GetElementType (bt);
4683                                 } else {
4684                                         ct = candidate_pd.Types[c_idx];
4685                                         bt = best_pd.Types[b_idx];
4686
4687                                         if (candidate_params && candidate_pd.FixedParameters[c_idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
4688                                                 ct = TypeManager.GetElementType (ct);
4689                                                 --c_idx;
4690                                         }
4691
4692                                         if (best_params && best_pd.FixedParameters[b_idx].ModFlags == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
4693                                                 bt = TypeManager.GetElementType (bt);
4694                                                 --b_idx;
4695                                         }
4696                                 }
4697
4698                                 if (TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (ct, bt))
4699                                         continue;
4700
4701                                 are_equivalent = false;
4702                                 int result = BetterExpressionConversion (ec, a, ct, bt);
4703
4704                                 // for each argument, the conversion to 'ct' should be no worse than
4705                                 // the conversion to 'bt'.
4706                                 if (result == 2)
4707                                         return false;
4708
4709                                 // for at least one argument, the conversion to 'ct' should be better than
4710                                 // the conversion to 'bt'.
4711                                 if (result != 0)
4712                                         better_at_least_one = true;
4713                         }
4714
4715                         if (better_at_least_one)
4716                                 return true;
4717
4718                         //
4719                         // Tie-breaking rules are applied only for equivalent parameter types
4720                         //
4721                         if (!are_equivalent) {
4722                                 //
4723                                 // LAMESPEC: A candidate with less default parameters is still better when there
4724                                 // is no better expression conversion
4725                                 //
4726                                 if (candidate_pd.Count < best_pd.Count && !candidate_params && best_pd.FixedParameters [j].HasDefaultValue) {
4727                                         return true;
4728                                 }
4729
4730                                 return false;
4731                         }
4732
4733                         //
4734                         // If candidate is applicable in its normal form and best has a params array and is applicable
4735                         // only in its expanded form, then candidate is better
4736                         //
4737                         if (candidate_params != best_params)
4738                                 return !candidate_params;
4739
4740                         //
4741                         // We have not reached end of parameters list due to params or used default parameters
4742                         //
4743                         while (j < candidate_pd.Count && j < best_pd.Count) {
4744                                 var cand_param = candidate_pd.FixedParameters [j];
4745                                 var best_param = best_pd.FixedParameters [j];
4746
4747                                 if (cand_param.HasDefaultValue != best_param.HasDefaultValue)
4748                                         return cand_param.HasDefaultValue;
4749
4750                                 if (candidate_pd.Count == best_pd.Count) {
4751                                         //
4752                                         // LAMESPEC:
4753                                         //
4754                                         // void Foo (int i = 0) is better than void Foo (params int[]) for Foo ()
4755                                         // void Foo (string[] s, string value = null) is better than Foo (string s, params string[]) for Foo (null) or Foo ()
4756                                         //
4757
4758                                         if (cand_param.HasDefaultValue) {
4759                                                 ++j;
4760                                                 continue;
4761                                         }
4762                                 } else {
4763                                         //
4764                                         // Neither is better when not all arguments are provided
4765                                         //
4766                                         // void Foo (string s, int i = 0) <-> Foo (string s, int i = 0, int i2 = 0)
4767                                         // void Foo (string s, int i = 0) <-> Foo (string s, byte i = 0)
4768                                         // void Foo (string s, params int[]) <-> Foo (string s, params byte[])
4769                                         //
4770                                         return false;
4771                                 }
4772
4773                                 break;
4774                         }
4775
4776                         if (candidate_pd.Count != best_pd.Count)
4777                                 return candidate_pd.Count < best_pd.Count;
4778
4779                         //
4780                         // One is a non-generic method and second is a generic method, then non-generic is better
4781                         //
4782                         if (best.IsGeneric != candidate.IsGeneric)
4783                                 return best.IsGeneric;
4784
4785                         //
4786                         // Both methods have the same number of parameters, and the parameters have equal types
4787                         // Pick the "more specific" signature using rules over original (non-inflated) types
4788                         //
4789                         var candidate_def_pd = ((IParametersMember) candidate.MemberDefinition).Parameters;
4790                         var best_def_pd = ((IParametersMember) best.MemberDefinition).Parameters;
4791
4792                         bool specific_at_least_once = false;
4793                         for (j = 0; j < args_count; ++j) {
4794                                 NamedArgument na = args_count == 0 ? null : args [j] as NamedArgument;
4795                                 if (na != null) {
4796                                         ct = candidate_def_pd.Types[cparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name)];
4797                                         bt = best_def_pd.Types[bparam.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name)];
4798                                 } else {
4799                                         ct = candidate_def_pd.Types[j];
4800                                         bt = best_def_pd.Types[j];
4801                                 }
4802
4803                                 if (ct == bt)
4804                                         continue;
4805                                 TypeSpec specific = MoreSpecific (ct, bt);
4806                                 if (specific == bt)
4807                                         return false;
4808                                 if (specific == ct)
4809                                         specific_at_least_once = true;
4810                         }
4811
4812                         if (specific_at_least_once)
4813                                 return true;
4814
4815                         return false;
4816                 }
4817
4818                 static bool CheckInflatedArguments (MethodSpec ms)
4819                 {
4820                         if (!TypeParameterSpec.HasAnyTypeParameterTypeConstrained (ms.GenericDefinition))
4821                                 return true;
4822
4823                         // Setup constraint checker for probing only
4824                         ConstraintChecker cc = new ConstraintChecker (null);
4825
4826                         var mp = ms.Parameters.Types;
4827                         for (int i = 0; i < mp.Length; ++i) {
4828                                 var type = mp[i] as InflatedTypeSpec;
4829                                 if (type == null)
4830                                         continue;
4831
4832                                 var targs = type.TypeArguments;
4833                                 if (targs.Length == 0)
4834                                         continue;
4835
4836                                 // TODO: Checking inflated MVAR arguments should be enough
4837                                 if (!cc.CheckAll (type.GetDefinition (), targs, type.Constraints, Location.Null))
4838                                         return false;
4839                         }
4840
4841                         return true;
4842                 }
4843
4844                 public static void Error_ConstructorMismatch (ResolveContext rc, TypeSpec type, int argCount, Location loc)
4845                 {
4846                         rc.Report.Error (1729, loc,
4847                                 "The type `{0}' does not contain a constructor that takes `{1}' arguments",
4848                                 type.GetSignatureForError (), argCount.ToString ());
4849                 }
4850
4851                 //
4852                 // Determines if the candidate method is applicable to the given set of arguments
4853                 // There could be two different set of parameters for same candidate where one
4854                 // is the closest override for default values and named arguments checks and second
4855                 // one being the virtual base for the parameter types and modifiers.
4856                 //
4857                 // A return value rates candidate method compatibility,
4858                 // -1 = fatal error
4859                 // 0 = the best, int.MaxValue = the worst
4860                 //
4861                 int IsApplicable (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments arguments, int arg_count, ref MemberSpec candidate, IParametersMember pm, ref bool params_expanded_form, ref bool dynamicArgument, ref TypeSpec returnType, bool errorMode)
4862                 {
4863                         //
4864                         // Each step has allocated 10 values, it can overflow for
4865                         // more than 10 arguments but that's ok as it's used for
4866                         // better error reporting only
4867                         //
4868                         const int ArgumentCountMismatch         = 1000000000;
4869                         const int NamedArgumentsMismatch        = 100000000;
4870                         const int DefaultArgumentMismatch       = 10000000;
4871                         const int UnexpectedTypeArguments       = 1000000;
4872                         const int TypeArgumentsMismatch         = 100000;
4873                         const int InflatedTypesMismatch         = 10000;
4874
4875                         // Parameters of most-derived type used mainly for named and optional parameters
4876                         var pd = pm.Parameters;
4877
4878                         // Used for params modifier only, that's legacy of C# 1.0 which uses base type for
4879                         // params modifier instead of most-derived type
4880                         var cpd = ((IParametersMember) candidate).Parameters;
4881                         int param_count = pd.Count;
4882                         int optional_count = 0;
4883                         int score;
4884                         Arguments orig_args = arguments;
4885
4886                         if (arg_count != param_count) {
4887                                 //
4888                                 // No arguments expansion when doing exact match for delegates
4889                                 //
4890                                 if ((restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0) {
4891                                         for (int i = 0; i < pd.Count; ++i) {
4892                                                 if (pd.FixedParameters[i].HasDefaultValue) {
4893                                                         optional_count = pd.Count - i;
4894                                                         break;
4895                                                 }
4896                                         }
4897                                 }
4898
4899                                 if (optional_count != 0) {
4900                                         // Readjust expected number when params used
4901                                         if (cpd.HasParams) {
4902                                                 optional_count--;
4903                                                 if (arg_count < param_count)
4904                                                         param_count--;
4905                                         } else if (arg_count > param_count) {
4906                                                 int args_gap = System.Math.Abs (arg_count - param_count);
4907                                                 return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
4908                                         } else if (arg_count < param_count - optional_count) {
4909                                                 int args_gap = System.Math.Abs (param_count - optional_count - arg_count);
4910                                                 return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
4911                                         }
4912                                 } else if (arg_count != param_count) {
4913                                         int args_gap = System.Math.Abs (arg_count - param_count);
4914                                         if (!cpd.HasParams)
4915                                                 return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
4916                                         if (arg_count < param_count - 1)
4917                                                 return ArgumentCountMismatch + args_gap;
4918                                 }
4919
4920                                 // Resize to fit optional arguments
4921                                 if (optional_count != 0) {
4922                                         if (arguments == null) {
4923                                                 arguments = new Arguments (optional_count);
4924                                         } else {
4925                                                 // Have to create a new container, so the next run can do same
4926                                                 var resized = new Arguments (param_count);
4927                                                 resized.AddRange (arguments);
4928                                                 arguments = resized;
4929                                         }
4930
4931                                         for (int i = arg_count; i < param_count; ++i)
4932                                                 arguments.Add (null);
4933                                 }
4934                         }
4935
4936                         if (arg_count > 0) {
4937                                 //
4938                                 // Shuffle named arguments to the right positions if there are any
4939                                 //
4940                                 if (arguments[arg_count - 1] is NamedArgument) {
4941                                         arg_count = arguments.Count;
4942
4943                                         for (int i = 0; i < arg_count; ++i) {
4944                                                 bool arg_moved = false;
4945                                                 while (true) {
4946                                                         NamedArgument na = arguments[i] as NamedArgument;
4947                                                         if (na == null)
4948                                                                 break;
4949
4950                                                         int index = pd.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);
4951
4952                                                         // Named parameter not found
4953                                                         if (index < 0)
4954                                                                 return NamedArgumentsMismatch - i;
4955
4956                                                         // already reordered
4957                                                         if (index == i)
4958                                                                 break;
4959
4960                                                         Argument temp;
4961                                                         if (index >= param_count) {
4962                                                                 // When using parameters which should not be available to the user
4963                                                                 if ((cpd.FixedParameters[index].ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) == 0)
4964                                                                         break;
4965
4966                                                                 arguments.Add (null);
4967                                                                 ++arg_count;
4968                                                                 temp = null;
4969                                                         } else {
4970                                                                 if (index == arg_count)
4971                                                                         return NamedArgumentsMismatch - i - 1;
4972
4973                                                                 temp = arguments [index];
4974
4975                                                                 // The slot has been taken by positional argument
4976                                                                 if (temp != null && !(temp is NamedArgument))
4977                                                                         break;
4978                                                         }
4979
4980                                                         if (!arg_moved) {
4981                                                                 arguments = arguments.MarkOrderedArgument (na);
4982                                                                 arg_moved = true;
4983                                                         }
4984
4985                                                         if (arguments == orig_args) {
4986                                                                 arguments = new Arguments (orig_args.Count);
4987                                                                 arguments.AddRange (orig_args);
4988                                                         }
4989
4990                                                         arguments[index] = arguments[i];
4991                                                         arguments[i] = temp;
4992
4993                                                         if (temp == null)
4994                                                                 break;
4995                                                 }
4996                                         }
4997                                 } else {
4998                                         arg_count = arguments.Count;
4999                                 }
5000                         } else if (arguments != null) {
5001                                 arg_count = arguments.Count;
5002                         }
5003
5004                         //
5005                         // Don't do any expensive checks when the candidate cannot succeed
5006                         //
5007                         if (arg_count != param_count && !cpd.HasParams)
5008                                 return DefaultArgumentMismatch - System.Math.Abs (param_count - arg_count);
5009
5010                         var dep = candidate.GetMissingDependencies ();
5011                         if (dep != null) {
5012                                 ImportedTypeDefinition.Error_MissingDependency (ec, dep, loc);
5013                                 return -1;
5014                         }
5015
5016                         //
5017                         // 1. Handle generic method using type arguments when specified or type inference
5018                         //
5019                         TypeSpec[] ptypes;
5020                         var ms = candidate as MethodSpec;
5021                         if (ms != null && ms.IsGeneric) {
5022                                 if (type_arguments != null) {
5023                                         var g_args_count = ms.Arity;
5024                                         if (g_args_count != type_arguments.Count)
5025                                                 return TypeArgumentsMismatch - System.Math.Abs (type_arguments.Count - g_args_count);
5026
5027                                         if (type_arguments.Arguments != null)
5028                                                 ms = ms.MakeGenericMethod (ec, type_arguments.Arguments);
5029                                 } else {
5030                                         //
5031                                         // Deploy custom error reporting for infered anonymous expression or lambda methods. When
5032                                         // probing lambda methods keep all errors reported in separate set and once we are done and no best
5033                                         // candidate was found use the set to report more details about what was wrong with lambda body.
5034                                         // The general idea is to distinguish between code errors and errors caused by
5035                                         // trial-and-error type inference
5036                                         //
5037                                         if (lambda_conv_msgs == null) {
5038                                                 for (int i = 0; i < arg_count; i++) {
5039                                                         Argument a = arguments[i];
5040                                                         if (a == null)
5041                                                                 continue;
5042
5043                                                         var am = a.Expr as AnonymousMethodExpression;
5044                                                         if (am != null) {
5045                                                                 if (lambda_conv_msgs == null)
5046                                                                         lambda_conv_msgs = new SessionReportPrinter ();
5047
5048                                                                 am.TypeInferenceReportPrinter = lambda_conv_msgs;
5049                                                         }
5050                                                 }
5051                                         }
5052
5053                                         var ti = new TypeInference (arguments);
5054                                         TypeSpec[] i_args = ti.InferMethodArguments (ec, ms);
5055
5056                                         if (i_args == null)
5057                                                 return TypeArgumentsMismatch - ti.InferenceScore;
5058
5059                                         //
5060                                         // Clear any error messages when the result was success
5061                                         //
5062                                         if (lambda_conv_msgs != null)
5063                                                 lambda_conv_msgs.ClearSession ();
5064
5065                                         if (i_args.Length != 0) {
5066                                                 if (!errorMode) {
5067                                                         for (int i = 0; i < i_args.Length; ++i) {
5068                                                                 var ta = i_args [i];
5069                                                                 if (!ta.IsAccessible (ec))
5070                                                                         return TypeArgumentsMismatch - i;
5071                                                         }
5072                                                 }
5073
5074                                                 ms = ms.MakeGenericMethod (ec, i_args);
5075                                         }
5076                                 }
5077
5078                                 //
5079                                 // Type arguments constraints have to match for the method to be applicable
5080                                 //
5081                                 if (!CheckInflatedArguments (ms)) {
5082                                         candidate = ms;
5083                                         return InflatedTypesMismatch;
5084                                 }
5085
5086                                 //
5087                                 // We have a generic return type and at same time the method is override which
5088                                 // means we have to also inflate override return type in case the candidate is
5089                                 // best candidate and override return type is different to base return type.
5090                                 //
5091                                 // virtual Foo<T, object> with override Foo<T, dynamic>
5092                                 //
5093                                 if (candidate != pm) {
5094                                         MethodSpec override_ms = (MethodSpec) pm;
5095                                         var inflator = new TypeParameterInflator (ec, ms.DeclaringType, override_ms.GenericDefinition.TypeParameters, ms.TypeArguments);
5096                                         returnType = inflator.Inflate (returnType);
5097                                 } else {
5098                                         returnType = ms.ReturnType;
5099                                 }
5100
5101                                 candidate = ms;
5102                                 pd = ms.Parameters;
5103                                 ptypes = pd.Types;
5104                         } else {
5105                                 if (type_arguments != null)
5106                                         return UnexpectedTypeArguments;
5107
5108                                 ptypes = cpd.Types;
5109                         }
5110
5111                         //
5112                         // 2. Each argument has to be implicitly convertible to method parameter
5113                         //
5114                         Parameter.Modifier p_mod = 0;
5115                         TypeSpec pt = null;
5116
5117                         for (int i = 0; i < arg_count; i++) {
5118                                 Argument a = arguments[i];
5119                                 if (a == null) {
5120                                         var fp = pd.FixedParameters[i];
5121                                         if (!fp.HasDefaultValue) {
5122                                                 arguments = orig_args;
5123                                                 return arg_count * 2 + 2;
5124                                         }
5125
5126                                         //
5127                                         // Get the default value expression, we can use the same expression
5128                                         // if the type matches
5129                                         //
5130                                         Expression e = fp.DefaultValue;
5131                                         if (e != null) {
5132                                                 e = ResolveDefaultValueArgument (ec, ptypes[i], e, loc);
5133                                                 if (e == null) {
5134                                                         // Restore for possible error reporting
5135                                                         for (int ii = i; ii < arg_count; ++ii)
5136                                                                 arguments.RemoveAt (i);
5137
5138                                                         return (arg_count - i) * 2 + 1;
5139                                                 }
5140                                         }
5141
5142                                         if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.CallerMask) != 0) {
5143                                                 //
5144                                                 // LAMESPEC: Attributes can be mixed together with build-in priority
5145                                                 //
5146                                                 if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.CallerLineNumber) != 0) {
5147                                                         e = new IntLiteral (ec.BuiltinTypes, loc.Row, loc);
5148                                                 } else if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.CallerFilePath) != 0) {
5149                                                         e = new StringLiteral (ec.BuiltinTypes, loc.NameFullPath, loc);
5150                                                 } else if (ec.MemberContext.CurrentMemberDefinition != null) {
5151                                                         e = new StringLiteral (ec.BuiltinTypes, ec.MemberContext.CurrentMemberDefinition.GetCallerMemberName (), loc);
5152                                                 }
5153                                         }
5154
5155                                         arguments[i] = new Argument (e, Argument.AType.Default);
5156                                         continue;
5157                                 }
5158
5159                                 if (p_mod != Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
5160                                         p_mod = (pd.FixedParameters[i].ModFlags & ~Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) | (cpd.FixedParameters[i].ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS);
5161                                         pt = ptypes [i];
5162                                 } else if (!params_expanded_form) {
5163                                         params_expanded_form = true;
5164                                         pt = ((ElementTypeSpec) pt).Element;
5165                                         i -= 2;
5166                                         continue;
5167                                 }
5168
5169                                 score = 1;
5170                                 if (!params_expanded_form) {
5171                                         if (a.IsExtensionType) {
5172                                                 if (ExtensionMethodGroupExpr.IsExtensionTypeCompatible (a.Type, pt)) {
5173                                                         score = 0;
5174                                                         continue;
5175                                                 }
5176                                         } else {
5177                                                 score = IsArgumentCompatible (ec, a, p_mod, pt);
5178
5179                                                 if (score < 0)
5180                                                         dynamicArgument = true;
5181                                         }
5182                                 }
5183
5184                                 //
5185                                 // It can be applicable in expanded form (when not doing exact match like for delegates)
5186                                 //
5187                                 if (score != 0 && (p_mod & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) != 0 && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0) {
5188                                         if (!params_expanded_form) {
5189                                                 pt = ((ElementTypeSpec) pt).Element;
5190                                         }
5191
5192                                         if (score > 0)
5193                                                 score = IsArgumentCompatible (ec, a, Parameter.Modifier.NONE, pt);
5194
5195                                         if (score < 0) {
5196                                                 params_expanded_form = true;
5197                                                 dynamicArgument = true;
5198                                         } else if (score == 0 || arg_count > pd.Count) {
5199                                                 params_expanded_form = true;
5200                                         }
5201                                 }
5202
5203                                 if (score > 0) {
5204                                         if (params_expanded_form)
5205                                                 ++score;
5206                                         return (arg_count - i) * 2 + score;
5207                                 }
5208                         }
5209
5210                         //
5211                         // Restore original arguments for dynamic binder to keep the intention of original source code
5212                         //
5213                         if (dynamicArgument)
5214                                 arguments = orig_args;
5215
5216                         return 0;
5217                 }
5218
5219                 public static Expression ResolveDefaultValueArgument (ResolveContext ec, TypeSpec ptype, Expression e, Location loc)
5220                 {
5221                         if (e is Constant && e.Type == ptype)
5222                                 return e;
5223
5224                         //
5225                         // LAMESPEC: No idea what the exact rules are for System.Reflection.Missing.Value instead of null
5226                         //
5227                         if (e == EmptyExpression.MissingValue && (ptype.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Object || ptype.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic)) {
5228                                 e = new MemberAccess (new MemberAccess (new MemberAccess (
5229                                         new QualifiedAliasMember (QualifiedAliasMember.GlobalAlias, "System", loc), "Reflection", loc), "Missing", loc), "Value", loc);
5230                         } else if (e is Constant) {
5231                                 //
5232                                 // Handles int to int? conversions, DefaultParameterValue check
5233                                 //
5234                                 e = Convert.ImplicitConversionStandard (ec, e, ptype, loc);
5235                                 if (e == null)
5236                                         return null;
5237                         } else {
5238                                 e = new DefaultValueExpression (new TypeExpression (ptype, loc), loc);
5239                         }
5240
5241                         return e.Resolve (ec);
5242                 }
5243
5244                 //
5245                 // Tests argument compatibility with the parameter
5246                 // The possible return values are
5247                 // 0 - success
5248                 // 1 - modifier mismatch
5249                 // 2 - type mismatch
5250                 // -1 - dynamic binding required
5251                 //
5252                 int IsArgumentCompatible (ResolveContext ec, Argument argument, Parameter.Modifier param_mod, TypeSpec parameter)
5253                 {
5254                         //
5255                         // Types have to be identical when ref or out modifer
5256                         // is used and argument is not of dynamic type
5257                         //
5258                         if (((argument.Modifier | param_mod) & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
5259                                 var arg_type = argument.Type;
5260
5261                                 if ((argument.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != (param_mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask)) {
5262                                         //
5263                                         // Using dynamic for ref/out parameter can still succeed at runtime
5264                                         //
5265                                         if (arg_type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic && (argument.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) == 0 && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0)
5266                                                 return -1;
5267
5268                                         return 1;
5269                                 }
5270
5271                                 if (arg_type != parameter) {
5272                                         if (arg_type == InternalType.VarOutType)
5273                                                 return 0;
5274
5275                                         //
5276                                         // Do full equality check after quick path
5277                                         //
5278                                         if (!TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (arg_type, parameter)) {
5279                                                 //
5280                                                 // Using dynamic for ref/out parameter can still succeed at runtime
5281                                                 //
5282                                                 if (arg_type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic && (argument.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) == 0 && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0)
5283                                                         return -1;
5284
5285                                                 return 2;
5286                                         }
5287                                 }
5288
5289                         } else {
5290                                 if (argument.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic && (restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) == 0)
5291                                         return -1;
5292
5293                                 //
5294                                 // Use implicit conversion in all modes to return same candidates when the expression
5295                                 // is used as argument or delegate conversion
5296                                 //
5297                                 if (!Convert.ImplicitConversionExists (ec, argument.Expr, parameter)) {
5298                                         return parameter.IsDelegate && argument.Expr is AnonymousMethodExpression ? 2 : 3;
5299                                 }
5300                         }
5301
5302                         return 0;
5303                 }
5304
5305                 static TypeSpec MoreSpecific (TypeSpec p, TypeSpec q)
5306                 {
5307                         if (TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (p) && !TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (q))
5308                                 return q;
5309                         if (!TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (p) && TypeManager.IsGenericParameter (q))
5310                                 return p;
5311
5312                         var ac_p = p as ArrayContainer;
5313                         if (ac_p != null) {
5314                                 var ac_q = q as ArrayContainer;
5315                                 if (ac_q == null)
5316                                         return null;
5317
5318                                 TypeSpec specific = MoreSpecific (ac_p.Element, ac_q.Element);
5319                                 if (specific == ac_p.Element)
5320                                         return p;
5321                                 if (specific == ac_q.Element)
5322                                         return q;
5323                         } else if (p.IsGeneric && q.IsGeneric) {
5324                                 var pargs = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (p);
5325                                 var qargs = TypeManager.GetTypeArguments (q);
5326
5327                                 bool p_specific_at_least_once = false;
5328                                 bool q_specific_at_least_once = false;
5329
5330                                 for (int i = 0; i < pargs.Length; i++) {
5331                                         TypeSpec specific = MoreSpecific (pargs[i], qargs[i]);
5332                                         if (specific == pargs[i])
5333                                                 p_specific_at_least_once = true;
5334                                         if (specific == qargs[i])
5335                                                 q_specific_at_least_once = true;
5336                                 }
5337
5338                                 if (p_specific_at_least_once && !q_specific_at_least_once)
5339                                         return p;
5340                                 if (!p_specific_at_least_once && q_specific_at_least_once)
5341                                         return q;
5342                         }
5343
5344                         return null;
5345                 }
5346
5347                 //
5348                 // Find the best method from candidate list
5349                 //
5350                 public T ResolveMember<T> (ResolveContext rc, ref Arguments args) where T : MemberSpec, IParametersMember
5351                 {
5352                         List<AmbiguousCandidate> ambiguous_candidates = null;
5353
5354                         MemberSpec best_candidate;
5355                         Arguments best_candidate_args = null;
5356                         bool best_candidate_params = false;
5357                         bool best_candidate_dynamic = false;
5358                         int best_candidate_rate;
5359                         IParametersMember best_parameter_member = null;
5360
5361                         int args_count = args != null ? args.Count : 0;
5362
5363                         Arguments candidate_args = args;
5364                         bool error_mode = false;
5365                         MemberSpec invocable_member = null;
5366                         int applicable_candidates = 0;
5367
5368                         while (true) {
5369                                 best_candidate = null;
5370                                 best_candidate_rate = int.MaxValue;
5371
5372                                 var type_members = members;
5373                                 do {
5374                                         for (int i = 0; i < type_members.Count; ++i) {
5375                                                 var member = type_members[i];
5376
5377                                                 //
5378                                                 // Methods in a base class are not candidates if any method in a derived
5379                                                 // class is applicable
5380                                                 //
5381                                                 if ((member.Modifiers & Modifiers.OVERRIDE) != 0)
5382                                                         continue;
5383
5384                                                 if (!error_mode) {
5385                                                         if (!member.IsAccessible (rc))
5386                                                                 continue;
5387
5388                                                         if (rc.IsRuntimeBinder && !member.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc))
5389                                                                 continue;
5390
5391                                                         if ((member.Modifiers & (Modifiers.PROTECTED | Modifiers.STATIC)) == Modifiers.PROTECTED &&
5392                                                                 instance_qualifier != null && !instance_qualifier.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, member)) {
5393                                                                 continue;
5394                                                         }
5395                                                 }
5396
5397                                                 IParametersMember pm = member as IParametersMember;
5398                                                 if (pm == null) {
5399                                                         //
5400                                                         // Will use it later to report ambiguity between best method and invocable member
5401                                                         //
5402                                                         if (Invocation.IsMemberInvocable (member))
5403                                                                 invocable_member = member;
5404
5405                                                         continue;
5406                                                 }
5407
5408                                                 //
5409                                                 // Overload resolution is looking for base member but using parameter names
5410                                                 // and default values from the closest member. That means to do expensive lookup
5411                                                 // for the closest override for virtual or abstract members
5412                                                 //
5413                                                 if ((member.Modifiers & (Modifiers.VIRTUAL | Modifiers.ABSTRACT)) != 0) {
5414                                                         var override_params = base_provider.GetOverrideMemberParameters (member);
5415                                                         if (override_params != null)
5416                                                                 pm = override_params;
5417                                                 }
5418
5419                                                 //
5420                                                 // Check if the member candidate is applicable
5421                                                 //
5422                                                 bool params_expanded_form = false;
5423                                                 bool dynamic_argument = false;
5424                                                 TypeSpec rt = pm.MemberType;
5425                                                 int candidate_rate = IsApplicable (rc, ref candidate_args, args_count, ref member, pm, ref params_expanded_form, ref dynamic_argument, ref rt, error_mode);
5426
5427                                                 if (lambda_conv_msgs != null)
5428                                                         lambda_conv_msgs.EndSession ();
5429
5430                                                 //
5431                                                 // How does it score compare to others
5432                                                 //
5433                                                 if (candidate_rate < best_candidate_rate) {
5434
5435                                                         // Fatal error (missing dependency), cannot continue
5436                                                         if (candidate_rate < 0)
5437                                                                 return null;
5438
5439                                                         applicable_candidates = 1;
5440                                                         if ((restrictions & Restrictions.GetEnumeratorLookup) != 0 && candidate_args.Count != 0) {
5441                                                                 // Only parameterless methods are considered
5442                                                         } else {
5443                                                                 best_candidate_rate = candidate_rate;
5444                                                                 best_candidate = member;
5445                                                                 best_candidate_args = candidate_args;
5446                                                                 best_candidate_params = params_expanded_form;
5447                                                                 best_candidate_dynamic = dynamic_argument;
5448                                                                 best_parameter_member = pm;
5449                                                                 best_candidate_return_type = rt;
5450                                                         }
5451                                                 } else if (candidate_rate == 0) {
5452                                                         //
5453                                                         // The member look is done per type for most operations but sometimes
5454                                                         // it's not possible like for binary operators overload because they
5455                                                         // are unioned between 2 sides
5456                                                         //
5457                                                         if ((restrictions & Restrictions.BaseMembersIncluded) != 0) {
5458                                                                 if (TypeSpec.IsBaseClass (best_candidate.DeclaringType, member.DeclaringType, true))
5459                                                                         continue;
5460                                                         }
5461
5462                                                         ++applicable_candidates;
5463                                                         bool is_better;
5464                                                         if (best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsInterface && member.DeclaringType.ImplementsInterface (best_candidate.DeclaringType, false)) {
5465                                                                 //
5466                                                                 // We pack all interface members into top level type which makes the overload resolution
5467                                                                 // more complicated for interfaces. We compensate it by removing methods with same
5468                                                                 // signature when building the cache hence this path should not really be hit often
5469                                                                 //
5470                                                                 // Example:
5471                                                                 // interface IA { void Foo (int arg); }
5472                                                                 // interface IB : IA { void Foo (params int[] args); }
5473                                                                 //
5474                                                                 // IB::Foo is the best overload when calling IB.Foo (1)
5475                                                                 //
5476                                                                 is_better = true;
5477                                                                 if (ambiguous_candidates != null) {
5478                                                                         foreach (var amb_cand in ambiguous_candidates) {
5479                                                                                 if (member.DeclaringType.ImplementsInterface (best_candidate.DeclaringType, false)) {
5480                                                                                         continue;
5481                                                                                 }
5482
5483                                                                                 is_better = false;
5484                                                                                 break;
5485                                                                         }
5486
5487                                                                         if (is_better)
5488                                                                                 ambiguous_candidates = null;
5489                                                                 }
5490                                                         } else {
5491                                                                 // Is the new candidate better
5492                                                                 is_better = BetterFunction (rc, candidate_args, member, pm.Parameters, params_expanded_form, best_candidate, best_parameter_member.Parameters, best_candidate_params);
5493                                                         }
5494
5495                                                         if (is_better) {
5496                                                                 best_candidate = member;
5497                                                                 best_candidate_args = candidate_args;
5498                                                                 best_candidate_params = params_expanded_form;
5499                                                                 best_candidate_dynamic = dynamic_argument;
5500                                                                 best_parameter_member = pm;
5501                                                                 best_candidate_return_type = rt;
5502                                                         } else {
5503                                                                 // It's not better but any other found later could be but we are not sure yet
5504                                                                 if (ambiguous_candidates == null)
5505                                                                         ambiguous_candidates = new List<AmbiguousCandidate> ();
5506
5507                                                                 ambiguous_candidates.Add (new AmbiguousCandidate (member, pm.Parameters, params_expanded_form));
5508                                                         }
5509                                                 }
5510
5511                                                 // Restore expanded arguments
5512                                                 candidate_args = args;
5513                                         }
5514                                 } while (best_candidate_rate != 0 && (type_members = base_provider.GetBaseMembers (type_members[0].DeclaringType.BaseType)) != null);
5515
5516                                 //
5517                                 // We've found exact match
5518                                 //
5519                                 if (best_candidate_rate == 0)
5520                                         break;
5521
5522                                 //
5523                                 // Try extension methods lookup when no ordinary method match was found and provider enables it
5524                                 //
5525                                 if (!error_mode) {
5526                                         var emg = base_provider.LookupExtensionMethod (rc);
5527                                         if (emg != null) {
5528                                                 emg = emg.OverloadResolve (rc, ref args, null, restrictions);
5529                                                 if (emg != null) {
5530                                                         best_candidate_extension_group = emg;
5531                                                         return (T) (MemberSpec) emg.BestCandidate;
5532                                                 }
5533                                         }
5534                                 }
5535
5536                                 // Don't run expensive error reporting mode for probing
5537                                 if (IsProbingOnly)
5538                                         return null;
5539
5540                                 if (error_mode)
5541                                         break;
5542
5543                                 if (lambda_conv_msgs != null && !lambda_conv_msgs.IsEmpty)
5544                                         break;
5545
5546                                 lambda_conv_msgs = null;
5547                                 error_mode = true;
5548                         }
5549
5550                         //
5551                         // No best member match found, report an error
5552                         //
5553                         if (best_candidate_rate != 0 || error_mode) {
5554                                 ReportOverloadError (rc, best_candidate, best_parameter_member, best_candidate_args, best_candidate_params);
5555                                 return null;
5556                         }
5557
5558                         if (best_candidate_dynamic) {
5559                                 if (args[0].IsExtensionType) {
5560                                         rc.Report.Error (1973, loc,
5561                                                 "Type `{0}' does not contain a member `{1}' and the best extension method overload `{2}' cannot be dynamically dispatched. Consider calling the method without the extension method syntax",
5562                                                 args [0].Type.GetSignatureForError (), best_candidate.Name, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ());
5563                                 }
5564
5565                                 //
5566                                 // Check type constraints only when explicit type arguments are used
5567                                 //
5568                                 if (applicable_candidates == 1 && best_candidate.IsGeneric && type_arguments != null) {
5569                                         MethodSpec bc = best_candidate as MethodSpec;
5570                                         if (bc != null && TypeParameterSpec.HasAnyTypeParameterConstrained (bc.GenericDefinition)) {
5571                                                 ConstraintChecker cc = new ConstraintChecker (rc);
5572                                                 cc.CheckAll (bc.GetGenericMethodDefinition (), bc.TypeArguments, bc.Constraints, loc);
5573                                         }
5574                                 }
5575
5576                                 BestCandidateIsDynamic = true;
5577                                 return null;
5578                         }
5579
5580                         //
5581                         // These flags indicates we are running delegate probing conversion. No need to
5582                         // do more expensive checks
5583                         //
5584                         if ((restrictions & (Restrictions.ProbingOnly | Restrictions.CovariantDelegate)) == (Restrictions.CovariantDelegate | Restrictions.ProbingOnly))
5585                                 return (T) best_candidate;
5586
5587                         if (ambiguous_candidates != null) {
5588                                 //
5589                                 // Now check that there are no ambiguities i.e the selected method
5590                                 // should be better than all the others
5591                                 //
5592                                 for (int ix = 0; ix < ambiguous_candidates.Count; ix++) {
5593                                         var candidate = ambiguous_candidates [ix];
5594
5595                                         if (!BetterFunction (rc, best_candidate_args, best_candidate, best_parameter_member.Parameters, best_candidate_params, candidate.Member, candidate.Parameters, candidate.Expanded)) {
5596                                                 var ambiguous = candidate.Member;
5597                                                 if (custom_errors == null || !custom_errors.AmbiguousCandidates (rc, best_candidate, ambiguous)) {
5598                                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
5599                                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (ambiguous);
5600                                                         rc.Report.Error (121, loc, "The call is ambiguous between the following methods or properties: `{0}' and `{1}'",
5601                                                                 best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), ambiguous.GetSignatureForError ());
5602                                                 }
5603
5604                                                 return (T) best_candidate;
5605                                         }
5606                                 }
5607                         }
5608
5609                         if (invocable_member != null && !IsProbingOnly) {
5610                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
5611                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (invocable_member);
5612                                 rc.Report.Warning (467, 2, loc, "Ambiguity between method `{0}' and invocable non-method `{1}'. Using method group",
5613                                         best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), invocable_member.GetSignatureForError ());
5614                         }
5615
5616                         //
5617                         // And now check if the arguments are all
5618                         // compatible, perform conversions if
5619                         // necessary etc. and return if everything is
5620                         // all right
5621                         //
5622                         if (!VerifyArguments (rc, ref best_candidate_args, best_candidate, best_parameter_member, best_candidate_params))
5623                                 return null;
5624
5625                         if (best_candidate == null)
5626                                 return null;
5627
5628                         //
5629                         // Don't run possibly expensive checks in probing mode
5630                         //
5631                         if (!IsProbingOnly && !rc.IsInProbingMode) {
5632                                 //
5633                                 // Check ObsoleteAttribute on the best method
5634                                 //
5635                                 best_candidate.CheckObsoleteness (rc, loc);
5636
5637                                 best_candidate.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
5638                         }
5639
5640                         args = best_candidate_args;
5641                         return (T) best_candidate;
5642                 }
5643
5644                 public MethodSpec ResolveOperator (ResolveContext rc, ref Arguments args)
5645                 {
5646                         return ResolveMember<MethodSpec> (rc, ref args);
5647                 }
5648
5649                 void ReportArgumentMismatch (ResolveContext ec, int idx, MemberSpec method,
5650                                                                                                         Argument a, AParametersCollection expected_par, TypeSpec paramType)
5651                 {
5652                         if (custom_errors != null && custom_errors.ArgumentMismatch (ec, method, a, idx))
5653                                 return;
5654
5655                         if (a.Type == InternalType.ErrorType)
5656                                 return;
5657
5658                         if (a is CollectionElementInitializer.ElementInitializerArgument) {
5659                                 ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (method);
5660                                 if ((expected_par.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
5661                                         ec.Report.Error (1954, loc, "The best overloaded collection initalizer method `{0}' cannot have `ref' or `out' modifier",
5662                                                 TypeManager.CSharpSignature (method));
5663                                         return;
5664                                 }
5665                                 ec.Report.Error (1950, loc, "The best overloaded collection initalizer method `{0}' has some invalid arguments",
5666                                           TypeManager.CSharpSignature (method));
5667                         } else if (IsDelegateInvoke) {
5668                                 ec.Report.Error (1594, loc, "Delegate `{0}' has some invalid arguments",
5669                                         DelegateType.GetSignatureForError ());
5670                         } else {
5671                                 ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (method);
5672                                 ec.Report.Error (1502, loc, "The best overloaded method match for `{0}' has some invalid arguments",
5673                                         method.GetSignatureForError ());
5674                         }
5675
5676                         Parameter.Modifier mod = idx >= expected_par.Count ? 0 : expected_par.FixedParameters[idx].ModFlags;
5677
5678                         string index = (idx + 1).ToString ();
5679                         if (((mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) ^ (a.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask)) != 0) {
5680                                 if ((mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) == 0)
5681                                         ec.Report.Error (1615, a.Expr.Location, "Argument `#{0}' does not require `{1}' modifier. Consider removing `{1}' modifier",
5682                                                 index, Parameter.GetModifierSignature (a.Modifier));
5683                                 else
5684                                         ec.Report.Error (1620, a.Expr.Location, "Argument `#{0}' is missing `{1}' modifier",
5685                                                 index, Parameter.GetModifierSignature (mod));
5686                         } else {
5687                                 string p1 = a.GetSignatureForError ();
5688                                 string p2 = paramType.GetSignatureForError ();
5689
5690                                 if (p1 == p2) {
5691                                         p1 = a.Type.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
5692                                         p2 = paramType.GetSignatureForErrorIncludingAssemblyName ();
5693                                 }
5694
5695                                 if ((mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
5696                                         p1 = Parameter.GetModifierSignature (a.Modifier) + " " + p1;
5697                                         p2 = Parameter.GetModifierSignature (a.Modifier) + " " + p2;
5698                                 }
5699
5700                                 ec.Report.Error (1503, a.Expr.Location,
5701                                         "Argument `#{0}' cannot convert `{1}' expression to type `{2}'", index, p1, p2);
5702                         }
5703                 }
5704
5705                 //
5706                 // We have failed to find exact match so we return error info about the closest match
5707                 //
5708                 void ReportOverloadError (ResolveContext rc, MemberSpec best_candidate, IParametersMember pm, Arguments args, bool params_expanded)
5709                 {
5710                         int ta_count = type_arguments == null ? 0 : type_arguments.Count;
5711                         int arg_count = args == null ? 0 : args.Count;
5712
5713                         if (ta_count != best_candidate.Arity && (ta_count > 0 || ((IParametersMember) best_candidate).Parameters.IsEmpty)) {
5714                                 var mg = new MethodGroupExpr (new [] { best_candidate }, best_candidate.DeclaringType, loc);
5715                                 mg.Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (rc, best_candidate, loc);
5716                                 return;
5717                         }
5718
5719                         if (lambda_conv_msgs != null && lambda_conv_msgs.Merge (rc.Report.Printer)) {
5720                                 return;
5721                         }
5722
5723
5724                         if ((best_candidate.Modifiers & (Modifiers.PROTECTED | Modifiers.STATIC)) == Modifiers.PROTECTED &&
5725                                 InstanceQualifier != null && !InstanceQualifier.CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate)) {
5726                                 MemberExpr.Error_ProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate, InstanceQualifier.InstanceType, loc);
5727                         }
5728
5729                         //
5730                         // For candidates which match on parameters count report more details about incorrect arguments
5731                         //
5732                         if (pm != null) {
5733                                 if (pm.Parameters.Count == arg_count || params_expanded || HasUnfilledParams (best_candidate, pm, args)) {
5734                                         // Reject any inaccessible member
5735                                         if (!best_candidate.IsAccessible (rc) || !best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc)) {
5736                                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
5737                                                 Expression.ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
5738                                                 return;
5739                                         }
5740
5741                                         var ms = best_candidate as MethodSpec;
5742                                         if (ms != null && ms.IsGeneric) {
5743                                                 bool constr_ok = true;
5744                                                 if (ms.TypeArguments != null)
5745                                                         constr_ok = new ConstraintChecker (rc.MemberContext).CheckAll (ms.GetGenericMethodDefinition (), ms.TypeArguments, ms.Constraints, loc);
5746
5747                                                 if (ta_count == 0 && ms.TypeArguments == null) {
5748                                                         if (custom_errors != null && custom_errors.TypeInferenceFailed (rc, best_candidate))
5749                                                                 return;
5750
5751                                                         if (constr_ok) {
5752                                                                 rc.Report.Error (411, loc,
5753                                                                         "The type arguments for method `{0}' cannot be inferred from the usage. Try specifying the type arguments explicitly",
5754                                                                         ms.GetGenericMethodDefinition ().GetSignatureForError ());
5755                                                         }
5756
5757                                                         return;
5758                                                 }
5759                                         }
5760
5761                                         VerifyArguments (rc, ref args, best_candidate, pm, params_expanded);
5762                                         return;
5763                                 }
5764                         }
5765
5766                         //
5767                         // We failed to find any method with correct argument count, report best candidate
5768                         //
5769                         if (custom_errors != null && custom_errors.NoArgumentMatch (rc, best_candidate))
5770                                 return;
5771
5772                         if (best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Constructor) {
5773                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
5774                                 Error_ConstructorMismatch (rc, best_candidate.DeclaringType, arg_count, loc);
5775                         } else if (IsDelegateInvoke) {
5776                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (DelegateType);
5777                                 rc.Report.Error (1593, loc, "Delegate `{0}' does not take `{1}' arguments",
5778                                         DelegateType.GetSignatureForError (), arg_count.ToString ());
5779                         } else {
5780                                 string name = best_candidate.Kind == MemberKind.Indexer ? "this" : best_candidate.Name;
5781                                 rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
5782                                 rc.Report.Error (1501, loc, "No overload for method `{0}' takes `{1}' arguments",
5783                                         name, arg_count.ToString ());
5784                         }
5785                 }
5786
5787                 static bool HasUnfilledParams (MemberSpec best_candidate, IParametersMember pm, Arguments args)
5788                 {
5789                         var p = ((IParametersMember)best_candidate).Parameters;
5790                         if (!p.HasParams)
5791                                 return false;
5792
5793                         string name = null;
5794                         for (int i = p.Count - 1; i != 0; --i) {
5795                                 var fp = p.FixedParameters [i];
5796                                 if ((fp.ModFlags & Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) == 0)
5797                                         continue;
5798
5799                                 name = fp.Name;
5800                                 break;
5801                         }
5802
5803                         if (args == null)
5804                                 return false;
5805
5806                         foreach (var arg in args) {
5807                                 var na = arg as NamedArgument;
5808                                 if (na == null)
5809                                         continue;
5810
5811                                 if (na.Name == name) {
5812                                         name = null;
5813                                         break;
5814                                 }
5815                         }
5816
5817                         if (name == null)
5818                                 return false;
5819
5820                         return args.Count + 1 == pm.Parameters.Count;
5821                 }
5822
5823                 bool VerifyArguments (ResolveContext ec, ref Arguments args, MemberSpec member, IParametersMember pm, bool chose_params_expanded)
5824                 {
5825                         var pd = pm.Parameters;
5826                         var cpd = ((IParametersMember) member).Parameters;
5827                         var ptypes = cpd.Types;
5828
5829                         Parameter.Modifier p_mod = 0;
5830                         TypeSpec pt = null;
5831                         int a_idx = 0, a_pos = 0;
5832                         Argument a = null;
5833                         ArrayInitializer params_initializers = null;
5834                         bool has_unsafe_arg = pm.MemberType.IsPointer;
5835                         int arg_count = args == null ? 0 : args.Count;
5836
5837                         for (; a_idx < arg_count; a_idx++, ++a_pos) {
5838                                 a = args[a_idx];
5839                                 if (a == null)
5840                                         continue;
5841
5842                                 if (p_mod != Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
5843                                         p_mod = cpd.FixedParameters [a_idx].ModFlags;
5844                                         pt = ptypes[a_idx];
5845                                         has_unsafe_arg |= pt.IsPointer;
5846
5847                                         if (p_mod == Parameter.Modifier.PARAMS) {
5848                                                 if (chose_params_expanded) {
5849                                                         params_initializers = new ArrayInitializer (arg_count - a_idx, a.Expr.Location);
5850                                                         pt = TypeManager.GetElementType (pt);
5851                                                 }
5852                                         }
5853                                 }
5854
5855                                 //
5856                                 // Types have to be identical when ref or out modifer is used
5857                                 //
5858                                 if (((a.Modifier | p_mod) & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != 0) {
5859                                         if ((a.Modifier & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask) != (p_mod & Parameter.Modifier.RefOutMask))
5860                                                 break;
5861
5862                                         var arg_type = a.Type;
5863                                         if (arg_type == pt)
5864                                                 continue;
5865
5866                                         if (arg_type == InternalType.VarOutType) {
5867                                                 //
5868                                                 // Set underlying variable type based on parameter type
5869                                                 //
5870                                                 ((DeclarationExpression)a.Expr).Variable.Type = pt;
5871                                                 continue;
5872                                         }
5873
5874                                         if (!TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (arg_type, pt))
5875                                                 break;
5876                                 }
5877
5878                                 NamedArgument na = a as NamedArgument;
5879                                 if (na != null) {
5880                                         int name_index = pd.GetParameterIndexByName (na.Name);
5881                                         if (name_index < 0 || name_index >= pd.Count) {
5882                                                 if (IsDelegateInvoke) {
5883                                                         ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (DelegateType);
5884                                                         ec.Report.Error (1746, na.Location,
5885                                                                 "The delegate `{0}' does not contain a parameter named `{1}'",
5886                                                                 DelegateType.GetSignatureForError (), na.Name);
5887                                                 } else {
5888                                                         ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);
5889                                                         ec.Report.Error (1739, na.Location,
5890                                                                 "The best overloaded method match for `{0}' does not contain a parameter named `{1}'",
5891                                                                 TypeManager.CSharpSignature (member), na.Name);
5892                                                 }
5893                                         } else if (args[name_index] != a && args[name_index] != null) {
5894                                                 if (IsDelegateInvoke)
5895                                                         ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (DelegateType);
5896                                                 else
5897                                                         ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (member);
5898
5899                                                 ec.Report.Error (1744, na.Location,
5900                                                         "Named argument `{0}' cannot be used for a parameter which has positional argument specified",
5901                                                         na.Name);
5902                                         }
5903                                 }
5904
5905                                 if (a.Expr.Type.BuiltinType == BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Dynamic)
5906                                         continue;
5907
5908                                 if ((restrictions & Restrictions.CovariantDelegate) != 0 && !Delegate.IsTypeCovariant (ec, a.Expr.Type, pt)) {
5909                                         if (a.IsExtensionType) {
5910                                                 // TODO: Should report better message type, something similar to CS1928/1929 instead of
5911                                                 // CS1061 but that still better than confusing CS0123
5912                                                 var ma = new MemberAccess (a.Expr, member.Name, loc);
5913                                                 ma.Error_TypeDoesNotContainDefinition (ec, a.Expr.Type, ma.Name);
5914                                         } else {
5915                                                 custom_errors.NoArgumentMatch (ec, member);
5916                                         }
5917                                         return false;
5918                                 }
5919
5920                                 Expression conv;
5921                                 if (a.IsExtensionType) {
5922                                         if (a.Expr.Type == pt || TypeSpecComparer.IsEqual (a.Expr.Type, pt)) {
5923                                                 conv = a.Expr;
5924                                         } else {
5925                                                 conv = Convert.ImplicitReferenceConversion (a.Expr, pt, false);
5926                                                 if (conv == null)
5927                                                         conv = Convert.ImplicitBoxingConversion (a.Expr, a.Expr.Type, pt);
5928                                         }
5929                                 } else {
5930                                         conv = Convert.ImplicitConversion (ec, a.Expr, pt, loc);
5931                                 }
5932
5933                                 if (conv == null)
5934                                         break;
5935
5936                                 //
5937                                 // Convert params arguments to an array initializer
5938                                 //
5939                                 if (params_initializers != null) {
5940                                         // we choose to use 'a.Expr' rather than 'conv' so that
5941                                         // we don't hide the kind of expression we have (esp. CompoundAssign.Helper)
5942                                         params_initializers.Add (a.Expr);
5943                                         args.RemoveAt (a_idx--);
5944                                         --arg_count;
5945                                         a.Expr = conv;
5946                                         continue;
5947                                 }
5948
5949                                 // Update the argument with the implicit conversion
5950                                 a.Expr = conv;
5951                         }
5952
5953                         if (a_idx != arg_count) {
5954                                 //
5955                                 // Convert all var out argument to error type for less confusing error reporting
5956                                 // when no matching overload is found
5957                                 //
5958                                 for (; a_idx < arg_count; a_idx++) {
5959                                         var arg = args [a_idx];
5960                                         if (arg == null)
5961                                                 continue;
5962
5963                                         if (arg.Type == InternalType.VarOutType) {
5964                                                 ((DeclarationExpression)arg.Expr).Variable.Type = InternalType.ErrorType;
5965                                         }
5966                                 }
5967
5968                                 ReportArgumentMismatch (ec, a_pos, member, a, pd, pt);
5969                                 return false;
5970                         }
5971
5972                         //
5973                         // Fill not provided arguments required by params modifier
5974                         //
5975                         if (params_initializers == null && arg_count + 1 == pd.Count) {
5976                                 if (args == null)
5977                                         args = new Arguments (1);
5978
5979                                 pt = ptypes[pd.Count - 1];
5980                                 pt = TypeManager.GetElementType (pt);
5981                                 has_unsafe_arg |= pt.IsPointer;
5982                                 params_initializers = new ArrayInitializer (0, loc);
5983                         }
5984
5985                         //
5986                         // Append an array argument with all params arguments
5987                         //
5988                         if (params_initializers != null) {
5989                                 args.Add (new Argument (
5990                                         new ArrayCreation (new TypeExpression (pt, loc), params_initializers, loc).Resolve (ec)));
5991                                 arg_count++;
5992                         }
5993
5994                         if (has_unsafe_arg && !ec.IsUnsafe) {
5995                                 Expression.UnsafeError (ec, loc);
5996                         }
5997
5998                         //
5999                         // We could infer inaccesible type arguments
6000                         //
6001                         if (type_arguments == null && member.IsGeneric) {
6002                                 var ms = (MethodSpec) member;
6003                                 foreach (var ta in ms.TypeArguments) {
6004                                         if (!ta.IsAccessible (ec)) {
6005                                                 ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (ta);
6006                                                 Expression.ErrorIsInaccesible (ec, member.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
6007                                                 break;
6008                                         }
6009                                 }
6010                         }
6011
6012                         return true;
6013                 }
6014         }
6015
6016         public class ConstantExpr : MemberExpr
6017         {
6018                 readonly ConstSpec constant;
6019
6020                 public ConstantExpr (ConstSpec constant, Location loc)
6021                 {
6022                         this.constant = constant;
6023                         this.loc = loc;
6024                 }
6025
6026                 public override string Name {
6027                         get { throw new NotImplementedException (); }
6028                 }
6029
6030                 public override string KindName {
6031                         get { return "constant"; }
6032                 }
6033
6034                 public override bool IsInstance {
6035                         get { return !IsStatic; }
6036                 }
6037
6038                 public override bool IsStatic {
6039                         get { return true; }
6040                 }
6041
6042                 protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
6043                         get { return constant.DeclaringType; }
6044                 }
6045
6046                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
6047                 {
6048                         throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
6049                 }
6050
6051                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext rc)
6052                 {
6053                         ResolveInstanceExpression (rc, null);
6054                         DoBestMemberChecks (rc, constant);
6055
6056                         var c = constant.GetConstant (rc);
6057
6058                         // Creates reference expression to the constant value
6059                         return Constant.CreateConstantFromValue (constant.MemberType, c.GetValue (), loc);
6060                 }
6061
6062                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
6063                 {
6064                         throw new NotSupportedException ();
6065                 }
6066
6067                 public override string GetSignatureForError ()
6068                 {
6069                         return constant.GetSignatureForError ();
6070                 }
6071
6072                 public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
6073                 {
6074                         Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "constant", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
6075                 }
6076         }
6077
6078         //
6079         // Fully resolved expression that references a Field
6080         //
6081         public class FieldExpr : MemberExpr, IDynamicAssign, IMemoryLocation, IVariableReference
6082         {
6083                 protected FieldSpec spec;
6084                 VariableInfo variable_info;
6085
6086                 LocalTemporary temp;
6087                 bool prepared;
6088
6089                 protected FieldExpr (Location l)
6090                 {
6091                         loc = l;
6092                 }
6093
6094                 public FieldExpr (FieldSpec spec, Location loc)
6095                 {
6096                         this.spec = spec;
6097                         this.loc = loc;
6098
6099                         type = spec.MemberType;
6100                 }
6101
6102                 public FieldExpr (FieldBase fi, Location l)
6103                         : this (fi.Spec, l)
6104                 {
6105                 }
6106
6107                 #region Properties
6108
6109                 public override string Name {
6110                         get {
6111                                 return spec.Name;
6112                         }
6113                 }
6114
6115                 public bool IsHoisted {
6116                         get {
6117                                 IVariableReference hv = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6118                                 return hv != null && hv.IsHoisted;
6119                         }
6120                 }
6121
6122                 public override bool IsInstance {
6123                         get {
6124                                 return !spec.IsStatic;
6125                         }
6126                 }
6127
6128                 public override bool IsStatic {
6129                         get {
6130                                 return spec.IsStatic;
6131                         }
6132                 }
6133
6134                 public override string KindName {
6135                         get { return "field"; }
6136                 }
6137
6138                 public FieldSpec Spec {
6139                         get {
6140                                 return spec;
6141                         }
6142                 }
6143
6144                 protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
6145                         get {
6146                                 return spec.DeclaringType;
6147                         }
6148                 }
6149
6150                 public VariableInfo VariableInfo {
6151                         get {
6152                                 return variable_info;
6153                         }
6154                 }
6155
6156 #endregion
6157
6158                 public override string GetSignatureForError ()
6159                 {
6160                         return spec.GetSignatureForError ();
6161                 }
6162
6163                 public bool IsMarshalByRefAccess (ResolveContext rc)
6164                 {
6165                         // Checks possible ldflda of field access expression
6166                         return !spec.IsStatic && TypeSpec.IsValueType (spec.MemberType) && !(InstanceExpression is This) &&
6167                                 rc.Module.PredefinedTypes.MarshalByRefObject.Define () &&
6168                                 TypeSpec.IsBaseClass (spec.DeclaringType, rc.Module.PredefinedTypes.MarshalByRefObject.TypeSpec, false);
6169                 }
6170
6171                 public void SetHasAddressTaken ()
6172                 {
6173                         IVariableReference vr = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6174                         if (vr != null) {
6175                                 vr.SetHasAddressTaken ();
6176                         }
6177                 }
6178
6179                 protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Expression target)
6180                 {
6181                         var t = (FieldExpr) target;
6182
6183                         if (InstanceExpression != null)
6184                                 t.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Clone (clonectx);
6185                 }
6186
6187                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
6188                 {
6189                         if (ConditionalAccess) {
6190                                 Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ec);
6191                         }
6192
6193                         return CreateExpressionTree (ec, true);
6194                 }
6195
6196                 public Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec, bool convertInstance)
6197                 {
6198                         Arguments args;
6199                         Expression instance;
6200
6201                         if (InstanceExpression == null) {
6202                                 instance = new NullLiteral (loc);
6203                         } else if (convertInstance) {
6204                                 instance = InstanceExpression.CreateExpressionTree (ec);
6205                         } else {
6206                                 args = new Arguments (1);
6207                                 args.Add (new Argument (InstanceExpression));
6208                                 instance = CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Constant", args);
6209                         }
6210
6211                         args = Arguments.CreateForExpressionTree (ec, null,
6212                                 instance,
6213                                 CreateTypeOfExpression ());
6214
6215                         return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Field", args);
6216                 }
6217
6218                 public Expression CreateTypeOfExpression ()
6219                 {
6220                         return new TypeOfField (spec, loc);
6221                 }
6222
6223                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
6224                 {
6225                         spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
6226
6227                         return DoResolve (ec, null);
6228                 }
6229
6230                 Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec, Expression rhs)
6231                 {
6232                         bool lvalue_instance = rhs != null && IsInstance && spec.DeclaringType.IsStruct;
6233
6234                         if (rhs != this) {
6235                                 ResolveConditionalAccessReceiver (ec);
6236
6237                                 if (ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, rhs)) {
6238                                         // Resolve the field's instance expression while flow analysis is turned
6239                                         // off: when accessing a field "a.b", we must check whether the field
6240                                         // "a.b" is initialized, not whether the whole struct "a" is initialized.
6241
6242                                         if (lvalue_instance) {
6243                                                 bool out_access = rhs == EmptyExpression.OutAccess || rhs == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess;
6244
6245                                                 Expression right_side =
6246                                                         out_access ? EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess : EmptyExpression.LValueMemberAccess;
6247
6248                                                 InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.ResolveLValue (ec, right_side);
6249                                         } else {
6250                                                 InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression.Resolve (ec, ResolveFlags.VariableOrValue);
6251                                         }
6252
6253                                         if (InstanceExpression == null)
6254                                                 return null;
6255                                 }
6256
6257                                 DoBestMemberChecks (ec, spec);
6258
6259                                 if (conditional_access_receiver)
6260                                         ec.With (ResolveContext.Options.DontSetConditionalAccessReceiver, false);
6261                         }
6262
6263                         var fb = spec as FixedFieldSpec;
6264                         IVariableReference var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6265
6266                         if (fb != null) {
6267                                 IFixedExpression fe = InstanceExpression as IFixedExpression;
6268                                 if (!ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.FixedInitializerScope) && (fe == null || !fe.IsFixed)) {
6269                                         ec.Report.Error (1666, loc, "You cannot use fixed size buffers contained in unfixed expressions. Try using the fixed statement");
6270                                 }
6271
6272                                 if (InstanceExpression.eclass != ExprClass.Variable) {
6273                                         ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (spec);
6274                                         ec.Report.Error (1708, loc, "`{0}': Fixed size buffers can only be accessed through locals or fields",
6275                                                 TypeManager.GetFullNameSignature (spec));
6276                                 } else if (var != null && var.IsHoisted) {
6277                                         AnonymousMethodExpression.Error_AddressOfCapturedVar (ec, var, loc);
6278                                 }
6279
6280                                 return new FixedBufferPtr (this, fb.ElementType, loc).Resolve (ec);
6281                         }
6282
6283                         //
6284                         // Set flow-analysis variable info for struct member access. It will be check later
6285                         // for precise error reporting
6286                         //
6287                         if (var != null && var.VariableInfo != null && InstanceExpression.Type.IsStruct) {
6288                                 variable_info = var.VariableInfo.GetStructFieldInfo (Name);
6289                         }
6290
6291                         if (conditional_access_receiver)
6292                                 type = LiftMemberType (ec, type);
6293
6294                         if (ConditionalAccess && InstanceExpression != null && InstanceExpression.IsNull)
6295                                 return Constant.CreateConstantFromValue (type, null, loc);
6296
6297                         eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
6298                         return this;
6299                 }
6300
6301                 public void SetFieldAssigned (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
6302                 {
6303                         if (!IsInstance)
6304                                 return;
6305
6306                         bool lvalue_instance = spec.DeclaringType.IsStruct;
6307                         if (lvalue_instance) {
6308                                 var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6309                                 if (var != null && var.VariableInfo != null) {
6310                                         fc.SetStructFieldAssigned (var.VariableInfo, Name);
6311                                 }
6312                         }
6313
6314                         var fe = InstanceExpression as FieldExpr;
6315                         if (fe != null) {
6316                                 Expression instance;
6317
6318                                 do {
6319                                         instance = fe.InstanceExpression;
6320                                         var fe_instance = instance as FieldExpr;
6321                                         if ((fe_instance != null && !fe_instance.IsStatic) || instance is LocalVariableReference) {
6322                                                 if (TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (fe.Type) && instance.Type.IsStruct) {
6323                                                         var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6324                                                         if (var != null && var.VariableInfo == null) {
6325                                                                 var var_inst = instance as IVariableReference;
6326                                                                 if (var_inst == null || (var_inst.VariableInfo != null && !fc.IsDefinitelyAssigned (var_inst.VariableInfo)))
6327                                                                         fc.Report.Warning (1060, 1, fe.loc, "Use of possibly unassigned field `{0}'", fe.Name);
6328                                                         }
6329                                                 }
6330
6331                                                 if (fe_instance != null) {
6332                                                         fe = fe_instance;
6333                                                         continue;
6334                                                 }
6335                                         }
6336
6337                                         break;
6338                                 } while (true);
6339
6340                                 if (instance != null && TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (instance.Type))
6341                                         instance.FlowAnalysis (fc);
6342                         } else {
6343                                 if (TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (InstanceExpression.Type))
6344                                         InstanceExpression.FlowAnalysis (fc);
6345                         }
6346                 }
6347
6348                 Expression Error_AssignToReadonly (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
6349                 {
6350                         // The return value is always null.  Returning a value simplifies calling code.
6351
6352                         if (right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) {
6353                                 if (IsStatic) {
6354                                         rc.Report.Error (199, loc, "A static readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a static constructor)",
6355                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
6356                                 } else {
6357                                         rc.Report.Error (192, loc, "A readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a constructor)",
6358                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
6359                                 }
6360
6361                                 return null;
6362                         }
6363
6364                         if (right_side == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberAccess) {
6365                                 // Already reported as CS1648/CS1650
6366                                 return null;
6367                         }
6368
6369                         if (right_side == EmptyExpression.LValueMemberOutAccess) {
6370                                 if (IsStatic) {
6371                                         rc.Report.Error (1651, loc, "Fields of static readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a static constructor)",
6372                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
6373                                 } else {
6374                                         rc.Report.Error (1649, loc, "Members of readonly field `{0}' cannot be passed ref or out (except in a constructor)",
6375                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
6376                                 }
6377                                 return null;
6378                         }
6379
6380                         if (IsStatic) {
6381                                 rc.Report.Error (198, loc, "A static readonly field `{0}' cannot be assigned to (except in a static constructor or a variable initializer)",
6382                                         GetSignatureForError ());
6383                         } else {
6384                                 rc.Report.Error (191, loc, "A readonly field `{0}' cannot be assigned to (except in a constructor or a variable initializer)",
6385                                         GetSignatureForError ());
6386                         }
6387
6388                         return null;
6389                 }
6390
6391                 public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
6392                 {
6393                         if (HasConditionalAccess ())
6394                                 Error_NullPropagatingLValue (ec);
6395
6396                         if (spec is FixedFieldSpec) {
6397                                 // It could be much better error message but we want to be error compatible
6398                                 Error_ValueAssignment (ec, right_side);
6399                         }
6400
6401                         Expression e = DoResolve (ec, right_side);
6402
6403                         if (e == null)
6404                                 return null;
6405
6406                         spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();
6407
6408                         if ((right_side == EmptyExpression.UnaryAddress || right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) &&
6409                                         (spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0) {
6410                                 ec.Report.Warning (420, 1, loc,
6411                                         "`{0}': A volatile field references will not be treated as volatile",
6412                                         spec.GetSignatureForError ());
6413                         }
6414
6415                         if (spec.IsReadOnly) {
6416                                 // InitOnly fields can only be assigned in constructors or initializers
6417                                 if (!ec.HasAny (ResolveContext.Options.FieldInitializerScope | ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope))
6418                                         return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);
6419
6420                                 if (ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope)) {
6421
6422                                         // InitOnly fields cannot be assigned-to in a different constructor from their declaring type
6423                                         if (ec.CurrentMemberDefinition.Parent.PartialContainer.Definition != spec.DeclaringType.GetDefinition ())
6424                                                 return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);
6425                                         // static InitOnly fields cannot be assigned-to in an instance constructor
6426                                         if (IsStatic && !ec.IsStatic)
6427                                                 return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);
6428                                         // instance constructors can't modify InitOnly fields of other instances of the same type
6429                                         if (!IsStatic && !(InstanceExpression is This))
6430                                                 return Error_AssignToReadonly (ec, right_side);
6431                                 }
6432                         }
6433
6434                         if (right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess && IsMarshalByRefAccess (ec)) {
6435                                 ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (spec.DeclaringType);
6436                                 ec.Report.Warning (197, 1, loc,
6437                                                 "Passing `{0}' as ref or out or taking its address may cause a runtime exception because it is a field of a marshal-by-reference class",
6438                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
6439                         }
6440
6441                         eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
6442                         return this;
6443                 }
6444
6445                 public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
6446                 {
6447                         var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6448                         if (var != null) {
6449                                 var vi = var.VariableInfo;
6450                                 if (vi != null && !fc.IsStructFieldDefinitelyAssigned (vi, Name)) {
6451                                         fc.Report.Error (170, loc, "Use of possibly unassigned field `{0}'", Name);
6452                                         return;
6453                                 }
6454
6455                                 if (TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type)) {
6456                                         var le = SkipLeftValueTypeAccess (InstanceExpression);
6457                                         if (le != null)
6458                                                 le.FlowAnalysis (fc);
6459
6460                                         return;
6461                                 }
6462                         }
6463
6464                         var da = conditional_access_receiver ? fc.BranchDefiniteAssignment () : null;
6465
6466                         base.FlowAnalysis (fc);
6467
6468                         if (conditional_access_receiver)
6469                                 fc.DefiniteAssignment = da;
6470                 }
6471
6472                 static Expression SkipLeftValueTypeAccess (Expression expr)
6473                 {
6474                         if (!TypeSpec.IsValueType (expr.Type))
6475                                 return expr;
6476
6477                         if (expr is VariableReference)
6478                                 return null;
6479
6480                         var fe = expr as FieldExpr;
6481                         if (fe == null)
6482                                 return expr;
6483
6484                         if (fe.InstanceExpression == null)
6485                                 return expr;
6486
6487                         return SkipLeftValueTypeAccess (fe.InstanceExpression);
6488                 }
6489
6490                 public override int GetHashCode ()
6491                 {
6492                         return spec.GetHashCode ();
6493                 }
6494
6495                 public bool IsFixed {
6496                         get {
6497                                 //
6498                                 // A variable of the form V.I is fixed when V is a fixed variable of a struct type
6499                                 //
6500                                 IVariableReference variable = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6501                                 if (variable != null)
6502                                         return InstanceExpression.Type.IsStruct && variable.IsFixed;
6503
6504                                 IFixedExpression fe = InstanceExpression as IFixedExpression;
6505                                 return fe != null && fe.IsFixed;
6506                         }
6507                 }
6508
6509                 public override bool Equals (object obj)
6510                 {
6511                         FieldExpr fe = obj as FieldExpr;
6512                         if (fe == null)
6513                                 return false;
6514
6515                         if (spec != fe.spec)
6516                                 return false;
6517
6518                         if (InstanceExpression == null || fe.InstanceExpression == null)
6519                                 return true;
6520
6521                         return InstanceExpression.Equals (fe.InstanceExpression);
6522                 }
6523
6524                 public void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
6525                 {
6526                         bool is_volatile = (spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0;
6527
6528                         if (IsStatic){
6529                                 if (is_volatile)
6530                                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Volatile);
6531
6532                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldsfld, spec);
6533                         } else {
6534                                 if (!prepared) {
6535                                         if (conditional_access_receiver)
6536                                                 ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());
6537
6538                                         EmitInstance (ec, false);
6539                                 }
6540
6541                                 // Optimization for build-in types
6542                                 if (type.IsStruct && type == ec.CurrentType && InstanceExpression.Type == type) {
6543                                         ec.EmitLoadFromPtr (type);
6544                                 } else {
6545                                         var ff = spec as FixedFieldSpec;
6546                                         if (ff != null) {
6547                                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, spec);
6548                                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, ff.Element);
6549                                         } else {
6550                                                 if (is_volatile)
6551                                                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Volatile);
6552
6553                                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldfld, spec);
6554                                         }
6555                                 }
6556
6557                                 if (conditional_access_receiver) {
6558                                         ec.CloseConditionalAccess (type.IsNullableType && type != spec.MemberType ? type : null);
6559                                 }
6560                         }
6561
6562                         if (leave_copy) {
6563                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
6564                                 if (!IsStatic) {
6565                                         temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
6566                                         temp.Store (ec);
6567                                 }
6568                         }
6569                 }
6570
6571                 public void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound)
6572                 {
6573                         bool has_await_source = ec.HasSet (BuilderContext.Options.AsyncBody) && source.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
6574                         if (isCompound && !(source is DynamicExpressionStatement) && !has_await_source) {
6575                                 prepared = true;
6576                         }
6577
6578                         if (IsInstance) {
6579                                 if (ConditionalAccess)
6580                                         throw new NotImplementedException ("null operator assignment");
6581
6582                                 if (has_await_source)
6583                                         source = source.EmitToField (ec);
6584
6585                                 EmitInstance (ec, prepared);
6586                         }
6587
6588                         source.Emit (ec);
6589
6590                         if (leave_copy || ec.NotifyEvaluatorOnStore) {
6591                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
6592                                 if (!IsStatic) {
6593                                         temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
6594                                         temp.Store (ec);
6595                                 }
6596                         }
6597
6598                         if ((spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0)
6599                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Volatile);
6600
6601                         spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();
6602
6603                         if (IsStatic)
6604                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stsfld, spec);
6605                         else
6606                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stfld, spec);
6607
6608                         if (ec.NotifyEvaluatorOnStore) {
6609                                 if (!IsStatic)
6610                                         throw new NotImplementedException ("instance field write");
6611
6612                                 if (leave_copy)
6613                                         ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
6614
6615                                 ec.Module.Evaluator.EmitValueChangedCallback (ec, Name, type, loc);
6616                         }
6617
6618                         if (temp != null) {
6619                                 temp.Emit (ec);
6620                                 temp.Release (ec);
6621                                 temp = null;
6622                         }
6623                 }
6624
6625                 //
6626                 // Emits store to field with prepared values on stack
6627                 //
6628                 public void EmitAssignFromStack (EmitContext ec)
6629                 {
6630                         if (IsStatic) {
6631                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stsfld, spec);
6632                         } else {
6633                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stfld, spec);
6634                         }
6635                 }
6636
6637                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
6638                 {
6639                         Emit (ec, false);
6640                 }
6641
6642                 public override void EmitSideEffect (EmitContext ec)
6643                 {
6644                         bool is_volatile = (spec.Modifiers & Modifiers.VOLATILE) != 0;
6645
6646                         if (is_volatile) // || is_marshal_by_ref ())
6647                                 base.EmitSideEffect (ec);
6648                 }
6649
6650                 public virtual void AddressOf (EmitContext ec, AddressOp mode)
6651                 {
6652                         if ((mode & AddressOp.Store) != 0)
6653                                 spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsAssigned ();
6654                         if ((mode & AddressOp.Load) != 0)
6655                                 spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
6656
6657                         //
6658                         // Handle initonly fields specially: make a copy and then
6659                         // get the address of the copy.
6660                         //
6661                         bool need_copy;
6662                         if (spec.IsReadOnly){
6663                                 need_copy = true;
6664                                 if (ec.HasSet (EmitContext.Options.ConstructorScope) && spec.DeclaringType == ec.CurrentType) {
6665                                         if (IsStatic){
6666                                                 if (ec.IsStatic)
6667                                                         need_copy = false;
6668                                         } else
6669                                                 need_copy = false;
6670                                 }
6671                         } else
6672                                 need_copy = false;
6673
6674                         if (need_copy) {
6675                                 Emit (ec);
6676                                 var temp = ec.GetTemporaryLocal (type);
6677                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stloc, temp);
6678                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldloca, temp);
6679                                 return;
6680                         }
6681
6682
6683                         if (IsStatic){
6684                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldsflda, spec);
6685                         } else {
6686                                 if (!prepared)
6687                                         EmitInstance (ec, false);
6688                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldflda, spec);
6689                         }
6690                 }
6691
6692                 public SLE.Expression MakeAssignExpression (BuilderContext ctx, Expression source)
6693                 {
6694                         return MakeExpression (ctx);
6695                 }
6696
6697                 public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
6698                 {
6699 #if STATIC
6700                         return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
6701 #else
6702                         return SLE.Expression.Field (
6703                                 IsStatic ? null : InstanceExpression.MakeExpression (ctx),
6704                                 spec.GetMetaInfo ());
6705 #endif
6706                 }
6707
6708                 public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
6709                 {
6710                         Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "field", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
6711                 }
6712         }
6713
6714
6715         //
6716         // Expression that evaluates to a Property.
6717         //
6718         // This is not an LValue because we need to re-write the expression. We
6719         // can not take data from the stack and store it.
6720         //
6721         sealed class PropertyExpr : PropertyOrIndexerExpr<PropertySpec>
6722         {
6723                 Arguments arguments;
6724                 FieldExpr backing_field;
6725
6726                 public PropertyExpr (PropertySpec spec, Location l)
6727                         : base (l)
6728                 {
6729                         best_candidate = spec;
6730                         type = spec.MemberType;
6731                 }
6732
6733                 #region Properties
6734
6735                 protected override Arguments Arguments {
6736                         get {
6737                                 return arguments;
6738                         }
6739                         set {
6740                                 arguments = value;
6741                         }
6742                 }
6743
6744                 protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
6745                         get {
6746                                 return best_candidate.DeclaringType;
6747                         }
6748                 }
6749
6750                 public override string Name {
6751                         get {
6752                                 return best_candidate.Name;
6753                         }
6754                 }
6755
6756                 public bool IsAutoPropertyAccess {
6757                         get {
6758                                 var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
6759                                 return prop != null && prop.BackingField != null;
6760                         }
6761                 }
6762
6763                 public override bool IsInstance {
6764                         get {
6765                                 return !IsStatic;
6766                         }
6767                 }
6768
6769                 public override bool IsStatic {
6770                         get {
6771                                 return best_candidate.IsStatic;
6772                         }
6773                 }
6774
6775                 public override string KindName {
6776                         get { return "property"; }
6777                 }
6778
6779                 public PropertySpec PropertyInfo {
6780                         get {
6781                                 return best_candidate;
6782                         }
6783                 }
6784
6785                 #endregion
6786
6787                 public override MethodGroupExpr CanReduceLambda (AnonymousMethodBody body)
6788                 {
6789                         if (best_candidate == null || !(best_candidate.IsStatic || InstanceExpression is This))
6790                                 return null;
6791
6792                         var args_count = arguments == null ? 0 : arguments.Count;
6793                         if (args_count != body.Parameters.Count && args_count == 0)
6794                                 return null;
6795
6796                         var mg = MethodGroupExpr.CreatePredefined (best_candidate.Get, DeclaringType, loc);
6797                         mg.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
6798
6799                         return mg;
6800                 }
6801
6802                 public static PropertyExpr CreatePredefined (PropertySpec spec, Location loc)
6803                 {
6804                         return new PropertyExpr (spec, loc) {
6805                                 Getter = spec.Get,
6806                                 Setter = spec.Set
6807                         };
6808                 }
6809
6810                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
6811                 {
6812                         if (ConditionalAccess) {
6813                                 Error_NullShortCircuitInsideExpressionTree (ec);
6814                         }
6815
6816                         Arguments args;
6817                         if (IsSingleDimensionalArrayLength ()) {
6818                                 args = new Arguments (1);
6819                                 args.Add (new Argument (InstanceExpression.CreateExpressionTree (ec)));
6820                                 return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "ArrayLength", args);
6821                         }
6822
6823                         args = new Arguments (2);
6824                         if (InstanceExpression == null)
6825                                 args.Add (new Argument (new NullLiteral (loc)));
6826                         else
6827                                 args.Add (new Argument (InstanceExpression.CreateExpressionTree (ec)));
6828                         args.Add (new Argument (new TypeOfMethod (Getter, loc)));
6829                         return CreateExpressionFactoryCall (ec, "Property", args);
6830                 }
6831
6832                 public Expression CreateSetterTypeOfExpression (ResolveContext rc)
6833                 {
6834                         DoResolveLValue (rc, null);
6835                         return new TypeOfMethod (Setter, loc);
6836                 }
6837
6838                 public override string GetSignatureForError ()
6839                 {
6840                         return best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ();
6841                 }
6842
6843                 public override SLE.Expression MakeAssignExpression (BuilderContext ctx, Expression source)
6844                 {
6845 #if STATIC
6846                         return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
6847 #else
6848                         return SLE.Expression.Property (InstanceExpression.MakeExpression (ctx), (MethodInfo) Setter.GetMetaInfo ());
6849 #endif
6850                 }
6851
6852                 public override SLE.Expression MakeExpression (BuilderContext ctx)
6853                 {
6854 #if STATIC
6855                         return base.MakeExpression (ctx);
6856 #else
6857                         return SLE.Expression.Property (InstanceExpression.MakeExpression (ctx), (MethodInfo) Getter.GetMetaInfo ());
6858 #endif
6859                 }
6860
6861                 void Error_PropertyNotValid (ResolveContext ec)
6862                 {
6863                         ec.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
6864                         ec.Report.Error (1546, loc, "Property or event `{0}' is not supported by the C# language",
6865                                 GetSignatureForError ());
6866                 }
6867
6868                 bool IsSingleDimensionalArrayLength ()
6869                 {
6870                         if (best_candidate.DeclaringType.BuiltinType != BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Array || !best_candidate.HasGet || Name != "Length")
6871                                 return false;
6872
6873                         ArrayContainer ac = InstanceExpression.Type as ArrayContainer;
6874                         return ac != null && ac.Rank == 1;
6875                 }
6876
6877                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
6878                 {
6879                         //
6880                         // Special case: length of single dimension array property is turned into ldlen
6881                         //
6882                         if (IsSingleDimensionalArrayLength ()) {
6883                                 if (conditional_access_receiver) {
6884                                         ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());
6885                                 }
6886
6887                                 EmitInstance (ec, false);
6888
6889                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldlen);
6890                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I4);
6891
6892                                 if (conditional_access_receiver) {
6893                                         ec.CloseConditionalAccess (type);
6894                                 }
6895
6896                                 return;
6897                         }
6898
6899                         base.Emit (ec, leave_copy);
6900                 }
6901
6902                 public override void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound)
6903                 {
6904                         if (backing_field != null) {
6905                                 backing_field.EmitAssign (ec, source, false, false);
6906                                 return;
6907                         }
6908
6909                         Arguments args;
6910                         LocalTemporary await_source_arg = null;
6911
6912                         if (isCompound && !(source is DynamicExpressionStatement)) {
6913                                 emitting_compound_assignment = true;
6914                                 source.Emit (ec);
6915
6916                                 if (has_await_arguments) {
6917                                         await_source_arg = new LocalTemporary (Type);
6918                                         await_source_arg.Store (ec);
6919
6920                                         args = new Arguments (1);
6921                                         args.Add (new Argument (await_source_arg));
6922
6923                                         if (leave_copy) {
6924                                                 temp = await_source_arg;
6925                                         }
6926
6927                                         has_await_arguments = false;
6928                                 } else {
6929                                         args = null;
6930
6931                                         if (leave_copy) {
6932                                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
6933                                                 temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
6934                                                 temp.Store (ec);
6935                                         }
6936                                 }
6937                         } else {
6938                                 args = arguments ?? new Arguments (1);
6939
6940                                 if (leave_copy) {
6941                                         source.Emit (ec);
6942                                         temp = new LocalTemporary (this.Type);
6943                                         temp.Store (ec);
6944                                         args.Add (new Argument (temp));
6945                                 } else {
6946                                         args.Add (new Argument (source));
6947                                 }
6948                         }
6949
6950                         emitting_compound_assignment = false;
6951
6952                         var call = new CallEmitter ();
6953                         call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
6954                         if (args == null)
6955                                 call.InstanceExpressionOnStack = true;
6956
6957                         if (ConditionalAccess) {
6958                                 call.ConditionalAccess = true;
6959                         }
6960
6961                         if (leave_copy)
6962                                 call.Emit (ec, Setter, args, loc);
6963                         else
6964                                 call.EmitStatement (ec, Setter, args, loc);
6965
6966                         if (temp != null) {
6967                                 temp.Emit (ec);
6968                                 temp.Release (ec);
6969                         }
6970
6971                         if (await_source_arg != null) {
6972                                 await_source_arg.Release (ec);
6973                         }
6974                 }
6975
6976                 public override void FlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
6977                 {
6978                         var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
6979                         if (prop != null && prop.BackingField != null) {
6980                                 var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
6981                                 if (var != null) {
6982                                         var vi = var.VariableInfo;
6983                                         if (vi != null && !fc.IsStructFieldDefinitelyAssigned (vi, prop.BackingField.Name)) {
6984                                                 fc.Report.Error (8079, loc, "Use of possibly unassigned auto-implemented property `{0}'", Name);
6985                                                 return;
6986                                         }
6987
6988                                         if (TypeSpec.IsValueType (InstanceExpression.Type) && InstanceExpression is VariableReference)
6989                                                 return;
6990                                 }
6991                         }
6992
6993                         var da = conditional_access_receiver ? fc.BranchDefiniteAssignment () : null;
6994
6995                         base.FlowAnalysis (fc);
6996
6997                         if (conditional_access_receiver)
6998                                 fc.DefiniteAssignment = da;
6999                 }
7000
7001                 protected override Expression OverloadResolve (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
7002                 {
7003                         eclass = ExprClass.PropertyAccess;
7004
7005                         if (best_candidate.IsNotCSharpCompatible) {
7006                                 Error_PropertyNotValid (rc);
7007                         }
7008
7009                         ResolveInstanceExpression (rc, right_side);
7010
7011                         if ((best_candidate.Modifiers & (Modifiers.ABSTRACT | Modifiers.VIRTUAL)) != 0 && best_candidate.DeclaringType != InstanceExpression.Type) {
7012                                 var filter = new MemberFilter (best_candidate.Name, 0, MemberKind.Property, null, null);
7013                                 var p = MemberCache.FindMember (InstanceExpression.Type, filter, BindingRestriction.InstanceOnly | BindingRestriction.OverrideOnly) as PropertySpec;
7014                                 if (p != null) {
7015                                         type = p.MemberType;
7016                                 }
7017                         }
7018
7019                         DoBestMemberChecks (rc, best_candidate);
7020
7021                         // Handling of com-imported properties with any number of default property parameters
7022                         if (best_candidate.HasGet && !best_candidate.Get.Parameters.IsEmpty) {
7023                                 var p = best_candidate.Get.Parameters;
7024                                 arguments = new Arguments (p.Count);
7025                                 for (int i = 0; i < p.Count; ++i) {
7026                                         arguments.Add (new Argument (OverloadResolver.ResolveDefaultValueArgument (rc, p.Types [i], p.FixedParameters [i].DefaultValue, loc)));
7027                                 }
7028                         } else if (best_candidate.HasSet && best_candidate.Set.Parameters.Count > 1) {
7029                                 var p = best_candidate.Set.Parameters;
7030                                 arguments = new Arguments (p.Count - 1);
7031                                 for (int i = 0; i < p.Count - 1; ++i) {
7032                                         arguments.Add (new Argument (OverloadResolver.ResolveDefaultValueArgument (rc, p.Types [i], p.FixedParameters [i].DefaultValue, loc)));
7033                                 }
7034                         }
7035
7036                         return this;
7037                 }
7038
7039                 protected override bool ResolveAutopropertyAssignment (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
7040                 {
7041                         if (!rc.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.ConstructorScope))
7042                                 return false;
7043
7044                         var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
7045                         if (prop == null || prop.Parent.PartialContainer != rc.CurrentMemberDefinition.Parent.PartialContainer) {
7046                                 var ps = MemberCache.FindMember (rc.CurrentType, MemberFilter.Property (best_candidate.Name, best_candidate.MemberType), BindingRestriction.DeclaredOnly) as PropertySpec;
7047                                 if (ps == null)
7048                                         return false;
7049
7050                                 prop = (Property)ps.MemberDefinition;
7051                         }
7052
7053                         var spec = prop.BackingField;
7054                         if (spec == null)
7055                                 return false;
7056
7057                         if (rc.IsStatic != spec.IsStatic)
7058                                 return false;
7059
7060                         if (!spec.IsStatic && (!(InstanceExpression is This) || InstanceExpression is BaseThis))
7061                                 return false;
7062
7063                         backing_field = new FieldExpr (prop.BackingField, loc);
7064                         backing_field.ResolveLValue (rc, rhs);
7065                         return true;
7066                 }
7067
7068                 public void SetBackingFieldAssigned (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
7069                 {
7070                         if (backing_field != null) {
7071                                 backing_field.SetFieldAssigned (fc);
7072                                 return;
7073                         }
7074
7075                         if (!IsAutoPropertyAccess)
7076                                 return;
7077
7078                         var prop = best_candidate.MemberDefinition as Property;
7079                         if (prop != null && prop.BackingField != null) {
7080                                 bool lvalue_instance = best_candidate.DeclaringType.IsStruct;
7081                                 if (lvalue_instance) {
7082                                         var var = InstanceExpression as IVariableReference;
7083                                         if (var != null && var.VariableInfo != null) {
7084                                                 fc.SetStructFieldAssigned (var.VariableInfo, prop.BackingField.Name);
7085                                         }
7086                                 }
7087                         }
7088                 }
7089
7090                 public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
7091                 {
7092                         Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "property", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
7093                 }
7094         }
7095
7096         abstract class PropertyOrIndexerExpr<T> : MemberExpr, IDynamicAssign where T : PropertySpec
7097         {
7098                 // getter and setter can be different for base calls
7099                 MethodSpec getter, setter;
7100                 protected T best_candidate;
7101
7102                 protected LocalTemporary temp;
7103                 protected bool emitting_compound_assignment;
7104                 protected bool has_await_arguments;
7105
7106                 protected PropertyOrIndexerExpr (Location l)
7107                 {
7108                         loc = l;
7109                 }
7110
7111                 #region Properties
7112
7113                 protected abstract Arguments Arguments { get; set; }
7114
7115                 public MethodSpec Getter {
7116                         get {
7117                                 return getter;
7118                         }
7119                         set {
7120                                 getter = value;
7121                         }
7122                 }
7123
7124                 public MethodSpec Setter {
7125                         get {
7126                                 return setter;
7127                         }
7128                         set {
7129                                 setter = value;
7130                         }
7131                 }
7132
7133                 #endregion
7134
7135                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
7136                 {
7137                         if (eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved) {
7138                                 ResolveConditionalAccessReceiver (ec);
7139
7140                                 var expr = OverloadResolve (ec, null);
7141                                 if (expr == null)
7142                                         return null;
7143
7144                                 if (expr != this) {
7145                                         using (ec.With (ResolveContext.Options.DontSetConditionalAccessReceiver, conditional_access_receiver))
7146                                                 return expr.Resolve (ec);
7147                                 }
7148
7149                                 if (conditional_access_receiver) {
7150                                         type = LiftMemberType (ec, type);
7151                                 }
7152                         }
7153
7154                         if (!ResolveGetter (ec))
7155                                 return null;
7156
7157                         return this;
7158                 }
7159
7160                 public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side)
7161                 {
7162                         if (HasConditionalAccess ())
7163                                 Error_NullPropagatingLValue (rc);
7164
7165                         if (right_side == EmptyExpression.OutAccess) {
7166                                 // TODO: best_candidate can be null at this point
7167                                 INamedBlockVariable variable = null;
7168                                 if (best_candidate != null && rc.CurrentBlock.ParametersBlock.TopBlock.GetLocalName (best_candidate.Name, rc.CurrentBlock, ref variable) && variable is Linq.RangeVariable) {
7169                                         rc.Report.Error (1939, loc, "A range variable `{0}' may not be passes as `ref' or `out' parameter",
7170                                                 best_candidate.Name);
7171                                 } else {
7172                                         right_side.DoResolveLValue (rc, this);
7173                                 }
7174                                 return null;
7175                         }
7176
7177                         if (eclass == ExprClass.Unresolved) {
7178                                 var expr = OverloadResolve (rc, right_side);
7179                                 if (expr == null)
7180                                         return null;
7181
7182                                 if (expr != this)
7183                                         return expr.ResolveLValue (rc, right_side);
7184                         } else {
7185                                 ResolveInstanceExpression (rc, right_side);
7186                         }
7187
7188                         if (!best_candidate.HasSet) {
7189                                 if (ResolveAutopropertyAssignment (rc, right_side))
7190                                         return this;
7191
7192                                 rc.Report.Error (200, loc, "Property or indexer `{0}' cannot be assigned to (it is read-only)",
7193                                         GetSignatureForError ());
7194                                 return null;
7195                         }
7196
7197                         if (!best_candidate.Set.IsAccessible (rc) || !best_candidate.Set.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc)) {
7198                                 if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility) {
7199                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Set);
7200                                         rc.Report.Error (272, loc, "The property or indexer `{0}' cannot be used in this context because the set accessor is inaccessible",
7201                                                 GetSignatureForError ());
7202                                 } else {
7203                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Set);
7204                                         ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, best_candidate.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
7205                                 }
7206                         }
7207
7208                         if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility)
7209                                 CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate.Set);
7210
7211                         setter = CandidateToBaseOverride (rc, best_candidate.Set);
7212                         return this;
7213                 }
7214
7215                 void EmitConditionalAccess (EmitContext ec, ref CallEmitter call, MethodSpec method, Arguments arguments)
7216                 {
7217                         var ca = ec.ConditionalAccess;
7218                         ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());
7219
7220                         call.Emit (ec, method, arguments, loc);
7221
7222                         ec.CloseConditionalAccess (method.ReturnType != type && type.IsNullableType ? type : null);
7223                         ec.ConditionalAccess = ca;
7224                 }
7225
7226                 //
7227                 // Implements the IAssignMethod interface for assignments
7228                 //
7229                 public virtual void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
7230                 {
7231                         var call = new CallEmitter ();
7232                         call.ConditionalAccess = ConditionalAccess;
7233                         call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
7234                         if (has_await_arguments)
7235                                 call.HasAwaitArguments = true;
7236                         else
7237                                 call.DuplicateArguments = emitting_compound_assignment;
7238
7239                         if (conditional_access_receiver)
7240                                 EmitConditionalAccess (ec, ref call, Getter, Arguments);
7241                         else
7242                                 call.Emit (ec, Getter, Arguments, loc);
7243
7244                         if (call.HasAwaitArguments) {
7245                                 InstanceExpression = call.InstanceExpression;
7246                                 Arguments = call.EmittedArguments;
7247                                 has_await_arguments = true;
7248                         }
7249
7250                         if (leave_copy) {
7251                                 ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
7252                                 temp = new LocalTemporary (Type);
7253                                 temp.Store (ec);
7254                         }
7255                 }
7256
7257                 public abstract void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound);
7258
7259                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
7260                 {
7261                         Emit (ec, false);
7262                 }
7263
7264                 protected override FieldExpr EmitToFieldSource (EmitContext ec)
7265                 {
7266                         has_await_arguments = true;
7267                         Emit (ec, false);
7268                         return null;
7269                 }
7270
7271                 public abstract SLE.Expression MakeAssignExpression (BuilderContext ctx, Expression source);
7272
7273                 protected abstract Expression OverloadResolve (ResolveContext rc, Expression right_side);
7274
7275                 bool ResolveGetter (ResolveContext rc)
7276                 {
7277                         if (!best_candidate.HasGet) {
7278                                 if (InstanceExpression != EmptyExpression.Null) {
7279                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate);
7280                                         rc.Report.Error (154, loc, "The property or indexer `{0}' cannot be used in this context because it lacks the `get' accessor",
7281                                                 best_candidate.GetSignatureForError ());
7282                                         return false;
7283                                 }
7284                         } else if (!best_candidate.Get.IsAccessible (rc) || !best_candidate.Get.DeclaringType.IsAccessible (rc)) {
7285                                 if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility) {
7286                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Get);
7287                                         rc.Report.Error (271, loc, "The property or indexer `{0}' cannot be used in this context because the get accessor is inaccessible",
7288                                                 TypeManager.CSharpSignature (best_candidate));
7289                                 } else {
7290                                         rc.Report.SymbolRelatedToPreviousError (best_candidate.Get);
7291                                         ErrorIsInaccesible (rc, best_candidate.Get.GetSignatureForError (), loc);
7292                                 }
7293                         }
7294
7295                         if (best_candidate.HasDifferentAccessibility) {
7296                                 CheckProtectedMemberAccess (rc, best_candidate.Get);
7297                         }
7298
7299                         getter = CandidateToBaseOverride (rc, best_candidate.Get);
7300                         return true;
7301                 }
7302
7303                 protected virtual bool ResolveAutopropertyAssignment (ResolveContext rc, Expression rhs)
7304                 {
7305                         return false;
7306                 }
7307         }
7308
7309         /// <summary>
7310         ///   Fully resolved expression that evaluates to an Event
7311         /// </summary>
7312         public class EventExpr : MemberExpr, IAssignMethod
7313         {
7314                 readonly EventSpec spec;
7315                 MethodSpec op;
7316
7317                 public EventExpr (EventSpec spec, Location loc)
7318                 {
7319                         this.spec = spec;
7320                         this.loc = loc;
7321                 }
7322
7323                 #region Properties
7324
7325                 protected override TypeSpec DeclaringType {
7326                         get {
7327                                 return spec.DeclaringType;
7328                         }
7329                 }
7330
7331                 public override string Name {
7332                         get {
7333                                 return spec.Name;
7334                         }
7335                 }
7336
7337                 public override bool IsInstance {
7338                         get {
7339                                 return !spec.IsStatic;
7340                         }
7341                 }
7342
7343                 public override bool IsStatic {
7344                         get {
7345                                 return spec.IsStatic;
7346                         }
7347                 }
7348
7349                 public override string KindName {
7350                         get { return "event"; }
7351                 }
7352
7353                 public MethodSpec Operator {
7354                         get {
7355                                 return op;
7356                         }
7357                 }
7358
7359                 #endregion
7360
7361                 public override MemberExpr ResolveMemberAccess (ResolveContext ec, Expression left, SimpleName original)
7362                 {
7363                         //
7364                         // If the event is local to this class and we are not lhs of +=/-= we transform ourselves into a FieldExpr
7365                         //
7366                         if (!ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.CompoundAssignmentScope)) {
7367                                 if (spec.BackingField != null &&
7368                                         (spec.DeclaringType == ec.CurrentType || TypeManager.IsNestedChildOf (ec.CurrentType, spec.DeclaringType.MemberDefinition))) {
7369
7370                                         spec.MemberDefinition.SetIsUsed ();
7371
7372                                         spec.CheckObsoleteness (ec, loc);
7373
7374                                         if ((spec.Modifiers & (Modifiers.ABSTRACT | Modifiers.EXTERN)) != 0)
7375                                                 Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ec);
7376
7377                                         FieldExpr ml = new FieldExpr (spec.BackingField, loc);
7378
7379                                         InstanceExpression = null;
7380
7381                                         return ml.ResolveMemberAccess (ec, left, original);
7382                                 }
7383                         }
7384
7385                         return base.ResolveMemberAccess (ec, left, original);
7386                 }
7387
7388                 public override Expression CreateExpressionTree (ResolveContext ec)
7389                 {
7390                         throw new NotSupportedException ("ET");
7391                 }
7392
7393                 public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
7394                 {
7395                         if (right_side == EmptyExpression.EventAddition) {
7396                                 op = spec.AccessorAdd;
7397                         } else if (right_side == EmptyExpression.EventSubtraction) {
7398                                 op = spec.AccessorRemove;
7399                         }
7400
7401                         if (op == null) {
7402                                 Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ec);
7403                                 return null;
7404                         }
7405
7406                         if (HasConditionalAccess ())
7407                                 Error_NullPropagatingLValue (ec);
7408
7409                         op = CandidateToBaseOverride (ec, op);
7410                         return this;
7411                 }
7412
7413                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
7414                 {
7415                         eclass = ExprClass.EventAccess;
7416                         type = spec.MemberType;
7417
7418                         ResolveInstanceExpression (ec, null);
7419
7420                         if (!ec.HasSet (ResolveContext.Options.CompoundAssignmentScope)) {
7421                                 Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ec);
7422                         }
7423
7424                         DoBestMemberChecks (ec, spec);
7425                         return this;
7426                 }
7427
7428                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
7429                 {
7430                         throw new NotSupportedException ();
7431                         //Error_CannotAssign ();
7432                 }
7433
7434                 #region IAssignMethod Members
7435
7436                 public void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool leave_copy)
7437                 {
7438                         throw new NotImplementedException ();
7439                 }
7440
7441                 public void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source, bool leave_copy, bool isCompound)
7442                 {
7443                         if (leave_copy || !isCompound)
7444                                 throw new NotImplementedException ("EventExpr::EmitAssign");
7445
7446                         Arguments args = new Arguments (1);
7447                         args.Add (new Argument (source));
7448
7449                         // TODO: Wrong, needs receiver
7450 //                      if (NullShortCircuit) {
7451 //                              ec.ConditionalAccess = new ConditionalAccessContext (type, ec.DefineLabel ());
7452 //                      }
7453
7454                         var call = new CallEmitter ();
7455                         call.InstanceExpression = InstanceExpression;
7456                         call.ConditionalAccess = ConditionalAccess;
7457                         call.EmitStatement (ec, op, args, loc);
7458
7459 //                      if (NullShortCircuit)
7460 //                              ec.CloseConditionalAccess (null);
7461                 }
7462
7463                 #endregion
7464
7465                 void Error_AssignmentEventOnly (ResolveContext ec)
7466                 {
7467                         if (spec.DeclaringType == ec.CurrentType || TypeManager.IsNestedChildOf (ec.CurrentType, spec.DeclaringType.MemberDefinition)) {
7468                                 ec.Report.Error (79, loc,
7469                                         "The event `{0}' can only appear on the left hand side of `+=' or `-=' operator",
7470                                         GetSignatureForError ());
7471                         } else {
7472                                 ec.Report.Error (70, loc,
7473                                         "The event `{0}' can only appear on the left hand side of += or -= when used outside of the type `{1}'",
7474                                         GetSignatureForError (), spec.DeclaringType.GetSignatureForError ());
7475                         }
7476                 }
7477
7478                 protected override void Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (ResolveContext rc, string name)
7479                 {
7480                         name = name.Substring (0, name.LastIndexOf ('.'));
7481                         base.Error_CannotCallAbstractBase (rc, name);
7482                 }
7483
7484                 public override string GetSignatureForError ()
7485                 {
7486                         return TypeManager.CSharpSignature (spec);
7487                 }
7488
7489                 public override void SetTypeArguments (ResolveContext ec, TypeArguments ta)
7490                 {
7491                         Error_TypeArgumentsCannotBeUsed (ec, "event", GetSignatureForError (), loc);
7492                 }
7493         }
7494
7495         public class TemporaryVariableReference : VariableReference
7496         {
7497                 public class Declarator : Statement
7498                 {
7499                         TemporaryVariableReference variable;
7500
7501                         public Declarator (TemporaryVariableReference variable)
7502                         {
7503                                 this.variable = variable;
7504                                 loc = variable.loc;
7505                         }
7506
7507                         protected override void DoEmit (EmitContext ec)
7508                         {
7509                                 variable.li.CreateBuilder (ec);
7510                         }
7511
7512                         public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
7513                         {
7514                                 // Don't create sequence point
7515                                 DoEmit (ec);
7516                         }
7517
7518                         protected override bool DoFlowAnalysis (FlowAnalysisContext fc)
7519                         {
7520                                 return false;
7521                         }
7522
7523                         protected override void CloneTo (CloneContext clonectx, Statement target)
7524                         {
7525                                 // Nothing
7526                         }
7527                 }
7528
7529                 LocalVariable li;
7530
7531                 public TemporaryVariableReference (LocalVariable li, Location loc)
7532                 {
7533                         this.li = li;
7534                         this.type = li.Type;
7535                         this.loc = loc;
7536                 }
7537
7538                 public override bool IsLockedByStatement {
7539                         get {
7540                                 return false;
7541                         }
7542                         set {
7543                         }
7544                 }
7545
7546                 public LocalVariable LocalInfo {
7547                     get {
7548                         return li;
7549                     }
7550                 }
7551
7552                 public static TemporaryVariableReference Create (TypeSpec type, Block block, Location loc, bool writeToSymbolFile = false)
7553                 {
7554                         var li = LocalVariable.CreateCompilerGenerated (type, block, loc, writeToSymbolFile);
7555                         return new TemporaryVariableReference (li, loc);
7556                 }
7557
7558                 protected override Expression DoResolve (ResolveContext ec)
7559                 {
7560                         eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
7561
7562                         //
7563                         // Don't capture temporary variables except when using
7564                         // state machine redirection and block yields
7565                         //
7566                         if (ec.CurrentAnonymousMethod is StateMachineInitializer &&
7567                                 (ec.CurrentBlock.Explicit.HasYield || ec.CurrentBlock.Explicit.HasAwait) &&
7568                                 ec.IsVariableCapturingRequired) {
7569                                 AnonymousMethodStorey storey = li.Block.Explicit.CreateAnonymousMethodStorey (ec);
7570                                 storey.CaptureLocalVariable (ec, li);
7571                         }
7572
7573                         return this;
7574                 }
7575
7576                 public override Expression DoResolveLValue (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
7577                 {
7578                         return Resolve (ec);
7579                 }
7580
7581                 public override void Emit (EmitContext ec)
7582                 {
7583                         li.CreateBuilder (ec);
7584
7585                         Emit (ec, false);
7586                 }
7587
7588                 public void EmitAssign (EmitContext ec, Expression source)
7589                 {
7590                         li.CreateBuilder (ec);
7591
7592                         EmitAssign (ec, source, false, false);
7593                 }
7594
7595                 public override HoistedVariable GetHoistedVariable (AnonymousExpression ae)
7596                 {
7597                         return li.HoistedVariant;
7598                 }
7599
7600                 public override bool IsFixed {
7601                         get { return true; }
7602                 }
7603
7604                 public override bool IsRef {
7605                         get { return false; }
7606                 }
7607
7608                 public override string Name {
7609                         get { throw new NotImplementedException (); }
7610                 }
7611
7612                 public override void SetHasAddressTaken ()
7613                 {
7614                         throw new NotImplementedException ();
7615                 }
7616
7617                 protected override ILocalVariable Variable {
7618                         get { return li; }
7619                 }
7620
7621                 public override VariableInfo VariableInfo {
7622                         get { return null; }
7623                 }
7624         }
7625
7626         ///
7627         /// Handles `var' contextual keyword; var becomes a keyword only
7628         /// if no type called var exists in a variable scope
7629         ///
7630         class VarExpr : SimpleName
7631         {
7632                 public VarExpr (Location loc)
7633                         : base ("var", loc)
7634                 {
7635                 }
7636
7637                 public bool InferType (ResolveContext ec, Expression right_side)
7638                 {
7639                         if (type != null)
7640                                 throw new InternalErrorException ("An implicitly typed local variable could not be redefined");
7641
7642                         type = right_side.Type;
7643                         if (type == InternalType.NullLiteral || type.Kind == MemberKind.Void || type == InternalType.AnonymousMethod || type == InternalType.MethodGroup) {
7644                                 ec.Report.Error (815, loc,
7645                                         "An implicitly typed local variable declaration cannot be initialized with `{0}'",
7646                                         type.GetSignatureForError ());
7647                                 type = InternalType.ErrorType;
7648                                 return false;
7649                         }
7650
7651                         eclass = ExprClass.Variable;
7652                         return true;
7653                 }
7654
7655                 protected override void Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (IMemberContext ec)
7656                 {
7657                         if (ec.Module.Compiler.Settings.Version < LanguageVersion.V_3)
7658                                 base.Error_TypeOrNamespaceNotFound (ec);
7659                         else
7660                                 ec.Module.Compiler.Report.Error (825, loc, "The contextual keyword `var' may only appear within a local variable declaration");
7661                 }
7662         }
7663 }