2008-06-02 Ivan N. Zlatev <contact@i-nz.net>
[mono.git] / mcs / class / corlib / System.Reflection / Binder.cs
1 // System.Reflection.Binder
2 //
3 // Authors:
4 //      Sean MacIsaac (macisaac@ximian.com)
5 //      Paolo Molaro (lupus@ximian.com)
6 //      Gonzalo Paniagua Javier (gonzalo@ximian.com)
7 //
8 // (C) Ximian, Inc. 2001 - 2003
9 // (c) Copyright 2004 Novell, Inc. (http://www.novell.com)
10
11 //
12 // Copyright (C) 2004 Novell, Inc (http://www.novell.com)
13 //
14 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
15 // a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
16 // "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
17 // without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
18 // distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
19 // permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
20 // the following conditions:
21 // 
22 // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
23 // included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
24 // 
25 // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
26 // EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
27 // MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
28 // NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
29 // LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
30 // OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
31 // WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
32 //
33
34 using System.Globalization;
35 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
36
37 namespace System.Reflection
38 {
39 #if NET_2_0
40         [ComVisible (true)]
41 #endif
42         [Serializable]
43         [ClassInterface(ClassInterfaceType.AutoDual)]
44         public abstract class Binder
45         {
46                 protected Binder () {}
47
48                 public abstract FieldInfo BindToField (BindingFlags bindingAttr, FieldInfo[] match, object value, CultureInfo culture);
49                 public abstract MethodBase BindToMethod (BindingFlags bindingAttr, MethodBase[] match, ref object[] args, ParameterModifier[] modifiers, CultureInfo culture, string[] names, out object state);
50                 public abstract object ChangeType (object value, Type type, CultureInfo culture);
51                 public abstract void ReorderArgumentArray( ref object[] args, object state);
52                 public abstract MethodBase SelectMethod (BindingFlags bindingAttr, MethodBase[] match, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers);
53                 public abstract PropertyInfo SelectProperty( BindingFlags bindingAttr, PropertyInfo[] match, Type returnType, Type[] indexes, ParameterModifier[] modifiers);
54
55                 static Binder default_binder = new Default ();
56
57                 internal static Binder DefaultBinder {
58                         get {
59                                 return default_binder;
60                         }
61                 }
62                 
63                 internal static bool ConvertArgs (Binder binder, object[] args, ParameterInfo[] pinfo, CultureInfo culture) {
64                         if (args == null) {
65                                 if ( pinfo.Length == 0)
66                                         return true;
67                                 else
68                                         throw new TargetParameterCountException ();
69                         }
70                         if (pinfo.Length != args.Length)
71                                 throw new TargetParameterCountException ();
72                         for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; ++i) {
73                                 object v = binder.ChangeType (args [i], pinfo[i].ParameterType, culture);
74                                 if ((v == null) && (args [i] != null))
75                                         return false;
76                                 args [i] = v;
77                         }
78                         return true;
79                 }
80
81                 internal static int GetDerivedLevel (Type type) 
82                 {
83                         Type searchType = type;
84                         int level = 1;
85
86                         while (searchType.BaseType != null) 
87                         {
88                                 level++;
89                                 searchType = searchType.BaseType;
90                         }
91
92                         return level;
93                 }
94
95                 internal static MethodBase FindMostDerivedMatch (MethodBase [] match) 
96                 {
97                         int highLevel = 0;
98                         int matchId = -1;
99                         int count = match.Length;
100
101                         for (int current = 0; current < count; current++) 
102                         {
103                                 MethodBase m = match [current];
104                                 int level = GetDerivedLevel (m.DeclaringType);
105                                 if (level == highLevel)
106                                         throw new AmbiguousMatchException ();
107                                 // If the argument types differ we
108                                 // have an ambigous match, as well
109                                 if (matchId >= 0) {
110                                         ParameterInfo[] p1 = m.GetParameters ();
111                                         ParameterInfo[] p2 = match [matchId].GetParameters ();
112                                         bool equal = true;
113
114                                         if (p1.Length != p2.Length)
115                                                 equal = false;
116                                         else {
117                                                 int i;
118
119                                                 for (i = 0; i < p1.Length; ++i) {
120                                                         if (p1 [i].ParameterType != p2 [i].ParameterType) {
121                                                                 equal = false;
122                                                                 break;
123                                                         }
124                                                 }
125                                         }
126
127                                         if (!equal)
128                                                 throw new AmbiguousMatchException ();
129                                 }
130
131                                 if (level > highLevel) 
132                                 {
133                                         highLevel = level;
134                                         matchId = current;
135                                 }
136                         }
137
138                         return match[matchId];
139                 }
140
141                 internal sealed class Default : Binder {
142                         public override FieldInfo BindToField (BindingFlags bindingAttr, FieldInfo[] match, object value, CultureInfo culture) 
143                         {
144                                 if (match == null)
145                                         throw new ArgumentNullException ("match");
146                                 foreach (FieldInfo f in match) {
147                                         if (check_type (value.GetType (), f.FieldType))
148                                                 return f;
149                                 }
150                                 return null;
151                         }
152
153                         //
154                         // FIXME: There was a MonoTODO, but it does not explain what the problem is
155                         // 
156                         public override MethodBase BindToMethod (BindingFlags bindingAttr, MethodBase[] match, ref object[] args, ParameterModifier[] modifiers, CultureInfo culture, string[] names, out object state)
157                         {
158                                 Type[] types;
159                                 if (args == null)
160                                         types = Type.EmptyTypes;
161                                 else {
162                                         types = new Type [args.Length];
163                                         for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; ++i) {
164                                                 if (args [i] != null)
165                                                         types [i] = args [i].GetType ();
166                                         }
167                                 }
168                                 MethodBase selected = SelectMethod (bindingAttr, match, types, modifiers);
169                                 state = null;
170                                 if (names != null)
171                                         ReorderParameters (names, ref args, selected);
172                                 return selected;
173                         }
174
175                         void ReorderParameters (string [] names, ref object [] args, MethodBase selected)
176                         {
177                                 object [] newArgs = new object [args.Length];
178                                 Array.Copy (args, newArgs, args.Length);
179                                 ParameterInfo [] plist = selected.GetParameters ();
180                                 for (int n = 0; n < names.Length; n++)
181                                         for (int p = 0; p < plist.Length; p++) {
182                                                 if (names [n] == plist [p].Name) {
183                                                         newArgs [p] = args [n];
184                                                         break;
185                                                 }
186                                         }
187                                 Array.Copy (newArgs, args, args.Length);
188                         }
189
190                         static bool IsArrayAssignable (Type object_type, Type target_type)
191                         {
192                                 if (object_type.IsArray && target_type.IsArray)
193                                         return IsArrayAssignable (object_type.GetElementType (), target_type.GetElementType ());
194                                                 
195                                 if (target_type.IsAssignableFrom (object_type))
196                                         return true;
197
198                                 return false;
199                         }
200                         
201                         public override object ChangeType (object value, Type type, CultureInfo culture)
202                         {
203                                 if (value == null)
204                                         return null;
205                                 Type vtype = value.GetType ();
206                                 if (type.IsByRef)
207                                         type = type.GetElementType ();
208                                 if (vtype == type || type.IsInstanceOfType (value))
209                                         return value;
210                                 if (vtype.IsArray && type.IsArray){
211                                         if (IsArrayAssignable (vtype.GetElementType (), type.GetElementType ()))
212                                                 return value;
213                                 }
214
215                                 if (check_type (vtype, type)) {
216                                         // These are not supported by Convert
217                                         if (type.IsEnum)
218                                                 return Enum.ToObject (type, value);
219                                         if (vtype == typeof (Char)) {
220                                                 if (type == typeof (double))
221                                                         return (double)(char)value;
222                                                 if (type == typeof (float))
223                                                         return (float)(char)value;
224                                         }
225                                         return Convert.ChangeType (value, type);
226                                 }
227                                 return null;
228                         }
229
230                         [MonoTODO ("This method does not do anything in Mono")]
231                         public override void ReorderArgumentArray (ref object[] args, object state)
232                         {
233                                 //do nothing until we support named arguments
234                                 //throw new NotImplementedException ();
235                         }
236
237                         private static bool check_type (Type from, Type to) {
238                                 if (from == to)
239                                         return true;
240
241                                 if (from == null)
242                                         return true;
243
244                                 if (to.IsByRef != from.IsByRef)
245                                         return false;
246
247                                 if (to.IsInterface)
248                                         return to.IsAssignableFrom (from);
249
250                                 if (to.IsEnum) {
251                                         to = Enum.GetUnderlyingType (to);
252                                         if (from == to)
253                                                 return true;
254                                 }
255
256                                 TypeCode fromt = Type.GetTypeCode (from);
257                                 TypeCode tot = Type.GetTypeCode (to);
258
259                                 switch (fromt) {
260                                 case TypeCode.Char:
261                                         switch (tot) {
262                                         case TypeCode.UInt16:
263                                         case TypeCode.UInt32:
264                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
265                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
266                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
267                                         case TypeCode.Single:
268                                         case TypeCode.Double:
269                                                 return true;
270                                         }
271                                         return to == typeof (object);
272                                 case TypeCode.Byte:
273                                         switch (tot) {
274                                         case TypeCode.Char:
275                                         case TypeCode.UInt16:
276                                         case TypeCode.Int16:
277                                         case TypeCode.UInt32:
278                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
279                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
280                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
281                                         case TypeCode.Single:
282                                         case TypeCode.Double:
283                                                 return true;
284                                         }
285                                         return to == typeof (object) || (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum));
286                                 case TypeCode.SByte:
287                                         switch (tot) {
288                                         case TypeCode.Int16:
289                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
290                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
291                                         case TypeCode.Single:
292                                         case TypeCode.Double:
293                                                 return true;
294                                         }
295                                         return to == typeof (object) || (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum));
296                                 case TypeCode.UInt16:
297                                         switch (tot) {
298                                         case TypeCode.UInt32:
299                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
300                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
301                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
302                                         case TypeCode.Single:
303                                         case TypeCode.Double:
304                                                 return true;
305                                         }
306                                         return to == typeof (object) || (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum));
307                                 case TypeCode.Int16:
308                                         switch (tot) {
309                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
310                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
311                                         case TypeCode.Single:
312                                         case TypeCode.Double:
313                                                 return true;
314                                         }
315                                         return to == typeof (object) || (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum));
316                                 case TypeCode.UInt32:
317                                         switch (tot) {
318                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
319                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
320                                         case TypeCode.Single:
321                                         case TypeCode.Double:
322                                                 return true;
323                                         }
324                                         return to == typeof (object) || (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum));
325                                 case TypeCode.Int32:
326                                         switch (tot) {
327                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
328                                         case TypeCode.Single:
329                                         case TypeCode.Double:
330                                                 return true;
331                                         }
332                                         return to == typeof (object) || (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum));
333                                 case TypeCode.UInt64:
334                                 case TypeCode.Int64:
335                                         switch (tot) {
336                                         case TypeCode.Single:
337                                         case TypeCode.Double:
338                                                 return true;
339                                         }
340                                         return to == typeof (object) || (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum));
341                                 case TypeCode.Single:
342                                         return tot == TypeCode.Double || to == typeof (object);
343                                 default:
344                                         /* TODO: handle valuetype -> byref */
345                                         if (to == typeof (object) && from.IsValueType)
346                                                 return true;
347
348                                         return to.IsAssignableFrom (from);
349                                 }
350                         }
351
352                         private static bool check_arguments (Type[] types, ParameterInfo[] args) {
353                                 for (int i = 0; i < types.Length; ++i) {
354                                         if (!check_type (types [i], args [i].ParameterType))
355                                                 return false;
356                                 }
357                                 return true;
358                         }
359
360                         public override MethodBase SelectMethod (BindingFlags bindingAttr, MethodBase[] match, Type[] types, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
361                         {
362                                 MethodBase m;
363                                 int i, j;
364
365                                 if (match == null)
366                                         throw new ArgumentNullException ("match");
367
368                                 /* first look for an exact match... */
369                                 for (i = 0; i < match.Length; ++i) {
370                                         m = match [i];
371                                         ParameterInfo[] args = m.GetParameters ();
372                                         if (args.Length != types.Length)
373                                                 continue;
374                                         for (j = 0; j < types.Length; ++j) {
375                                                 if (types [j] != args [j].ParameterType)
376                                                         break;
377                                         }
378                                         if (j == types.Length)
379                                                 return m;
380                                 }
381
382                                 /* Try methods with ParamArray attribute */
383                                 bool isdefParamArray = false;
384                                 Type elementType = null;
385                                 for (i = 0; i < match.Length; ++i) {
386                                         m = match [i];
387                                         ParameterInfo[] args = m.GetParameters ();
388                                         if (args.Length > types.Length)
389                                                 continue;
390                                         else if (args.Length == 0)
391                                                 continue;
392                                         isdefParamArray = Attribute.IsDefined (args [args.Length - 1], typeof (ParamArrayAttribute));
393                                         if (!isdefParamArray)
394                                                 continue;
395                                         elementType = args [args.Length - 1].ParameterType.GetElementType ();
396                                         for (j = 0; j < types.Length; ++j) {
397                                                 if (j < (args.Length - 1) && types [j] != args [j].ParameterType)
398                                                         break;
399                                                 else if (j >= (args.Length - 1) && types [j] != elementType) 
400                                                         break;
401                                         }
402                                         if (j == types.Length)
403                                                 return m;
404                                 }
405
406                                 if ((int)(bindingAttr & BindingFlags.ExactBinding) != 0)
407                                         return null;
408
409                                 MethodBase result = null;
410                                 for (i = 0; i < match.Length; ++i) {
411                                         m = match [i];
412                                         ParameterInfo[] args = m.GetParameters ();
413                                         if (args.Length != types.Length)
414                                                 continue;
415                                         if (!check_arguments (types, args))
416                                                 continue;
417
418                                         if (result != null)
419                                                 result = GetBetterMethod (result, m, types);
420                                         else
421                                                 result = m;
422                                 }
423
424                                 return result;
425                         }
426
427                         MethodBase GetBetterMethod (MethodBase m1, MethodBase m2, Type [] types)
428                         {
429 #if NET_2_0
430                                 if (m1.IsGenericMethodDefinition && 
431                                     !m2.IsGenericMethodDefinition)
432                                         return m2;
433                                 if (m2.IsGenericMethodDefinition && 
434                                     !m1.IsGenericMethodDefinition)
435                                         return m1;
436 #endif
437
438                                 ParameterInfo [] pl1 = m1.GetParameters ();
439                                 ParameterInfo [] pl2 = m2.GetParameters ();
440                                 int prev = 0;
441                                 for (int i = 0; i < pl1.Length; i++) {
442                                         int cmp = CompareCloserType (pl1 [i].ParameterType, pl2 [i].ParameterType);
443                                         if (cmp != 0 && prev != 0 && prev != cmp)
444                                                 throw new AmbiguousMatchException ();
445                                         if (cmp != 0)
446                                                 prev = cmp;
447                                 }
448                                 if (prev != 0)
449                                         return prev > 0 ? m2 : m1;
450
451                                 Type dt1 = m1.DeclaringType;
452                                 Type dt2 = m2.DeclaringType;
453                                 if (dt1 != dt2) {
454                                         if (dt1.IsSubclassOf(dt2))
455                                                 return m1;
456                                         if (dt2.IsSubclassOf(dt1))
457                                                 return m2;
458                                 }
459
460                                 bool va1 = (m1.CallingConvention & CallingConventions.VarArgs) != 0;
461                                 bool va2 = (m2.CallingConvention & CallingConventions.VarArgs) != 0;
462                                 if (va1 && !va2)
463                                         return m2;
464                                 if (va2 && !va1)
465                                         return m1;
466
467                                 throw new AmbiguousMatchException ();
468                         }
469
470                         int CompareCloserType (Type t1, Type t2)
471                         {
472                                 if (t1 == t2)
473                                         return 0;
474 #if NET_2_0
475                                 if (t1.IsGenericParameter && !t2.IsGenericParameter)
476                                         return 1; // t2
477                                 if (!t1.IsGenericParameter && t2.IsGenericParameter)
478                                         return -1; // t1
479 #endif
480                                 if (t1.HasElementType && t2.HasElementType)
481                                         return CompareCloserType (
482                                                 t1.GetElementType (),
483                                                 t2.GetElementType ());
484
485                                 if (t1.IsSubclassOf (t2))
486                                         return -1; // t1
487                                 if (t2.IsSubclassOf (t1))
488                                         return 1; // t2
489
490                                 if (t1.IsInterface && Array.IndexOf (t2.GetInterfaces (), t1) >= 0)
491                                         return 1; // t2
492                                 if (t2.IsInterface && Array.IndexOf (t1.GetInterfaces (), t2) >= 0)
493                                         return -1; // t1
494
495                                 // What kind of cases could reach here?
496                                 return 0;
497                         }
498
499                         public override PropertyInfo SelectProperty (BindingFlags bindingAttr, PropertyInfo[] match, Type returnType, Type[] indexes, ParameterModifier[] modifiers)
500                         {
501                                 if (match == null || match.Length == 0)
502                                         throw new ArgumentException ("No properties provided", "match");
503
504                                 bool haveRet = (returnType != null);
505                                 int idxlen = (indexes != null) ? indexes.Length : -1;
506                                 PropertyInfo result = null;
507                                 int i;
508                                 int best_score = Int32.MaxValue - 1;
509                                 int fail_score = Int32.MaxValue;
510                                 int level = 0;
511                                 
512                                 for (i = match.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
513                                         PropertyInfo p = match [i];
514                                         ParameterInfo[] args = p.GetIndexParameters ();
515                                         if (idxlen >= 0 && idxlen != args.Length)
516                                                 continue;
517
518                                         if (haveRet && p.PropertyType != returnType)
519                                                 continue;
520
521                                         int score = Int32.MaxValue - 1;
522                                         if (idxlen > 0) {
523                                                 score = check_arguments_with_score (indexes, args);
524                                                 if (score == -1)
525                                                         continue;
526                                         }
527
528                                         int new_level = GetDerivedLevel (p.DeclaringType);
529                                         if (result != null) {
530                                                 if (best_score < score)
531                                                         continue;
532
533                                                 if (best_score == score) {
534                                                         if (level == new_level) {
535                                                                 // Keep searching. May be there's something
536                                                                 // better for us.
537                                                                 fail_score = score;
538                                                                 continue;
539                                                         }
540
541                                                         if (level > new_level)
542                                                                 continue;
543                                                 }
544                                         }
545
546                                         result = p;
547                                         best_score = score;
548                                         level = new_level;
549                                 }
550
551                                 if (fail_score <= best_score)
552                                         throw new AmbiguousMatchException ();
553
554                                 return result;
555                         }
556
557                         static int check_arguments_with_score (Type [] types, ParameterInfo [] args)
558                         {
559                                 int worst = -1;
560
561                                 for (int i = 0; i < types.Length; ++i) {
562                                         int res = check_type_with_score (types [i], args [i].ParameterType);
563                                         if (res == -1)
564                                                 return -1;
565
566                                         if (worst < res)
567                                                 worst = res;
568                                 }
569
570                                 return worst;
571                         }
572
573                         // 0 -> same type or null and !valuetype
574                         // 1 -> to == Enum
575                         // 2 -> value type that don't lose data
576                         // 3 -> to == IsAssignableFrom
577                         // 4 -> to == object
578                         static int check_type_with_score (Type from, Type to)
579                         {
580                                 if (from == null)
581                                         return to.IsValueType ? -1 : 0;
582
583                                 if (from == to)
584                                         return 0;
585
586                                 if (to == typeof (object))
587                                         return 4;
588
589                                 TypeCode fromt = Type.GetTypeCode (from);
590                                 TypeCode tot = Type.GetTypeCode (to);
591
592                                 switch (fromt) {
593                                 case TypeCode.Char:
594                                         switch (tot) {
595                                         case TypeCode.UInt16:
596                                                 return 0;
597
598                                         case TypeCode.UInt32:
599                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
600                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
601                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
602                                         case TypeCode.Single:
603                                         case TypeCode.Double:
604                                                 return 2;
605                                         }
606                                         return -1;
607                                 case TypeCode.Byte:
608                                         switch (tot) {
609                                         case TypeCode.Char:
610                                         case TypeCode.UInt16:
611                                         case TypeCode.Int16:
612                                         case TypeCode.UInt32:
613                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
614                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
615                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
616                                         case TypeCode.Single:
617                                         case TypeCode.Double:
618                                                 return 2;
619                                         }
620                                         return (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum)) ? 1 : -1;
621                                 case TypeCode.SByte:
622                                         switch (tot) {
623                                         case TypeCode.Int16:
624                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
625                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
626                                         case TypeCode.Single:
627                                         case TypeCode.Double:
628                                                 return 2;
629                                         }
630                                         return (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum)) ? 1 : -1;
631                                 case TypeCode.UInt16:
632                                         switch (tot) {
633                                         case TypeCode.UInt32:
634                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
635                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
636                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
637                                         case TypeCode.Single:
638                                         case TypeCode.Double:
639                                                 return 2;
640                                         }
641                                         return (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum)) ? 1 : -1;
642                                 case TypeCode.Int16:
643                                         switch (tot) {
644                                         case TypeCode.Int32:
645                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
646                                         case TypeCode.Single:
647                                         case TypeCode.Double:
648                                                 return 2;
649                                         }
650                                         return (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum)) ? 1 : -1;
651                                 case TypeCode.UInt32:
652                                         switch (tot) {
653                                         case TypeCode.UInt64:
654                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
655                                         case TypeCode.Single:
656                                         case TypeCode.Double:
657                                                 return 2;
658                                         }
659                                         return (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum)) ? 1 : -1;
660                                 case TypeCode.Int32:
661                                         switch (tot) {
662                                         case TypeCode.Int64:
663                                         case TypeCode.Single:
664                                         case TypeCode.Double:
665                                                 return 2;
666                                         }
667                                         return (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum)) ? 1 : -1;
668                                 case TypeCode.UInt64:
669                                 case TypeCode.Int64:
670                                         switch (tot) {
671                                         case TypeCode.Single:
672                                         case TypeCode.Double:
673                                                 return 2;
674                                         }
675                                         return (from.IsEnum && to == typeof (Enum)) ? 1 : -1;
676                                 case TypeCode.Single:
677                                         return tot == TypeCode.Double ? 2 : -1;
678                                 default:
679                                         return (to.IsAssignableFrom (from)) ? 3 : -1;
680                                 }
681                         }
682                 }
683         }
684 }
685